Shabaqyada sariirta ee ay ku jiraan pyrethroid clofenpyr (CFP) iyo pyrethroid piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ayaa laga hirgelinayaa dalalka cudurka qaba si loo horumariyo xakamaynta duumada oo ay qaadaan kaneecada u adkaysata pyrethroid. CFP waa sunta cayayaanka disha oo u baahan firfircooni ay sameyso kaneecada cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450), PBO-na waxay kor u qaaddaa waxtarka pyrethroids iyadoo joojinaysa ficilka ensaymyadan ee kaneecada u adkaysata pyrethroid. Sidaa darteed, joojinta P450 ee PBO waxay yareyn kartaa waxtarka shabakadaha pyrethroid-CFP marka lagu isticmaalo isla guriga shabakadaha pyrethroid-PBO.
Laba tijaabo oo tijaabo ah ayaa la sameeyay si loo qiimeeyo laba nooc oo kala duwan oo pyrethroid-CFP ITN ah (Interceptor® G2, PermaNet® Dual) oo keliya iyo isku-darka pyrethroid-PBO ITN (DuraNet® Plus, PermaNet® 3.0). Saamaynta Entomological ee isticmaalka. Iska caabbinta Pyrethroid Dadka Vector-ka ee koonfurta Benin. Labada daraasadoodba, dhammaan noocyada mesh-ka waxaa lagu tijaabiyay daaweyn hal iyo labanlaab ah. Baaritaannada bio-ga ayaa sidoo kale la sameeyay si loo qiimeeyo iska caabbinta daawada ee dadka vector-ka ee ku jira aqallada iyo in la barto isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya CFP iyo PBO.
Dadka vector-ka ah waxay u nugulaayeen CFP laakiin waxay muujiyeen heerar sare oo iska caabin ah oo ay u qabaan pyrethroids, laakiin iska caabintan waxaa laga adkaaday ka hor u-soo-gaadhista PBO. Dhimashada vector-ka ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacday aqallada iyadoo la isticmaalayo isku-darka shabaqyada pyrethroid-CFP iyo shabaqyada pyrethroid-PBO marka la barbar dhigo aqallada isticmaalaya laba shabaq oo pyrethroid-CFP ah (74% Interceptor® G2 vs. 85%, PermaNet® Dual 57% vs. 83 %), p < 0.001). Kahor soo-gaadhista PBO waxay yareysay sunta CFP ee ku jirta baaritaannada bio ee dhalada, taasoo soo jeedinaysa in saameyntani ay qayb ahaan sabab u noqon karto iska soo horjeedka u dhexeeya CFP iyo PBO. Dhimashada vector-ka ayaa ka sarreysay aqallada iyadoo la adeegsanayo isku-darka shabaqyada ay ku jiraan shabaqyada pyrethroid-CFP marka la barbar dhigo aqallada aan lahayn shabaqyada pyrethroid-CFP, iyo markii shabaqyada pyrethroid-CFP keligood loo isticmaalay laba shabaq. Marka la wada isticmaalo, dhimashadu waa tan ugu sarreysa (83-85%).
Daraasaddani waxay muujisay in waxtarka mareegaha pyrethroid-CFP la dhimay markii la isticmaalay iyadoo lala kaashanayo pyrethroid-PBO ITN marka loo eego isticmaalka kaligiis, halka waxtarka isku-darka mareegaha ee ka kooban mareegaha pyrethroid-CFP uu ka sarreeyay. Natiijooyinkani waxay soo jeedinayaan in mudnaanta la siiyo qaybinta shabakadaha pyrethroid-CFP marka loo eego noocyada kale ee shabakadaha ay sare u qaadi doonto saameynta xakamaynta vector-ka xaaladaha la midka ah.
Shabaqyada sariirta ee lagu daweeyay cayayaanka (ITNs) oo ay ku jiraan sunta cayayaanka ee pyrethroid ayaa noqday tiirka ugu muhiimsan ee xakamaynta duumada labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Tan iyo 2004, qiyaastii 2.5 bilyan oo shabaqyo sariirood oo lagu daweeyay cayayaanka ayaa la geeyay Afrikada Saxaraha ka hooseysa [1], taasoo keentay koror ku yimid tirada dadka ku hoos jira shabaqyada sariirta ee lagu daweeyay cayayaanka laga bilaabo 4% ilaa 47% [2]. Saamaynta hirgelintani waxay ahayd mid muhiim ah. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in qiyaastii 2 bilyan oo kiis oo duumo ah iyo 6.2 milyan oo dhimasho ah laga hortagay adduunka oo dhan intii u dhaxaysay 2000 iyo 2021, iyadoo falanqaynta qaabaynta ay soo jeedinayso in shabaqyada lagu daweeyay cayayaanka ay ahaayeen darawal weyn oo faa'iidadan ah [2, 3]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horumarkani wuxuu ku yimaadaa qiimo: horumar degdeg ah oo ku yimid iska caabbinta pyrethroid ee dadka u nugul duumada. Inkasta oo shabaqyada sariirta ee lagu daweeyay cayayaanka ee pyrethroid ay wali bixin karaan ilaalin shaqsiyeed oo ka dhan ah duumada meelaha ay fayrasyadu muujiyaan iska caabbinta pyrethroid [4], daraasadaha qaabaynta ayaa saadaalinaya in heerarka sare ee iska caabbinta, shabaqyada sariirta ee lagu daweeyay cayayaanka ay yareyn doonaan saameynta cudurrada faafa [5]. Sidaa darteed, iska caabbinta pyrethroid waa mid ka mid ah khataraha ugu waaweyn ee hortaagan horumarka waara ee xakamaynta duumada.
Sannadihii la soo dhaafay, jiil cusub oo shabaqyada lagu daweeyay sunta cayayaanka, kuwaas oo isku daraya pyrethroids iyo kiimiko labaad, ayaa la sameeyay si loo hagaajiyo xakamaynta duumada oo ay gudbiso kaneecada u adkeysata pyrethroid. Nooca cusub ee ugu horreeya ee ITN wuxuu ka kooban yahay piperonyl butoxide synergist (PBO), kaas oo xoojiya pyrethroids isagoo dhexdhexaadinaya ensaymada sunta ah ee la xiriira iska caabbinta pyrethroid, gaar ahaan waxtarka cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) [6]. Shabaqyada Bednet-ka ee lagu daweeyay fluprone (CFP), oo ah sunta cayayaanka azole oo leh farsamo cusub oo ficil ah oo bartilmaameedsanaya neefsashada unugyada, ayaa sidoo kale dhawaan la heli karaa. Ka dib markii la muujiyay saameynta entomological ee la hagaajiyay ee tijaabooyinka tijaabada ah ee hut [7, 8], taxane ah tijaabooyin la xakameeyey oo kooxeed oo la kala soocay (cRCT) ayaa la sameeyay si loo qiimeeyo faa'iidooyinka caafimaadka dadweynaha ee shabaqyadan marka la barbar dhigo shabaqyada lagu daweeyay sunta cayayaanka iyadoo la isticmaalayo pyrethroids oo keliya oo la bixiyo caddaynta lagama maarmaanka ah si loo wargeliyo talooyinka siyaasadda ee Hay'adda Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) [9]. Iyada oo lagu saleynayo caddaynta saameynta cudurrada faafa ee ka timid CRCTs ee Uganda [11] iyo Tansaaniya [12], WHO waxay taageertay shabakadaha sunta cayayaanka lagu daweeyay ee pyrethroid-PBO [10]. Pyrethroid-CFP ITN ayaa sidoo kale dhawaan la daabacay ka dib markii baaritaanno is barbar socda oo laga sameeyay Benin [13] iyo Tansaaniya [14] waxay muujiyeen in tijaabada ITN (Interceptor® G2) ay yareysay dhacdooyinka duumada carruurnimada 46% iyo 44%, siday u kala horreeyaan. 10]. ].
Ka dib dadaallo cusub oo ay sameeyeen Sanduuqa Caalamiga ah iyo deeq-bixiyeyaasha kale ee waaweyn ee duumada si wax looga qabto iska caabbinta sunta cayayaanka iyadoo la dardar gelinayo soo bandhigidda shabaqyada cusub [15], shabaqyada pyrethroid-PBO iyo pyrethroid-CFP ayaa horey loogu isticmaalayay meelaha ay dhibaatadu saameysey. Waxay beddeshaa sunta cayayaanka dhaqameed. shabaqyada sariirta ee la daweeyay ee isticmaala pyrethroids oo keliya. Inta u dhaxaysa 2019 iyo 2022, saamiga shabaqyada kaneecada pyrethroid ee PBO ee la siiyo Afrikada ka hooseysa Saxaraha ayaa ka kordhay 8% ilaa 51% [1], halka shabaqyada kaneecada pyrethroid ee PBO, oo ay ku jiraan shabaqyada kaneecada pyrethroid ee CFP, shabaqyada kaneecada "laba-fal" ayaa la filayaa inay ka dhigan yihiin 56% shixnadaha. Soo gal suuqa Afrika marka la gaaro 2025[16]. Iyadoo caddayn u ah waxtarka shabaqyada kaneecada pyrethroid-PBO iyo pyrethroid-CFP ay sii kordhayaan, shabaqyadan waxaa la filayaa inay si ballaaran u heli doonaan sanadaha soo socda. Sidaa darteed, waxaa sii kordhaya baahida loo qabo in la buuxiyo farqiga macluumaadka ee ku saabsan isticmaalka ugu wanaagsan ee shabaqyada lagu daweeyay cayayaanka cayayaanka ee jiilka cusub si loo gaaro saameyn ugu badan marka la kordhiyo isticmaalka si buuxda loo isticmaalo.
Marka la eego faafitaanka isku mar ee pyrethroid CFP iyo pyrethroid PBO kaneecada, Barnaamijka Qaranka ee Xakamaynta Duumada (NMCP) wuxuu leeyahay hal su'aal cilmi baaris oo hawlgal ah: Ma waxtarkeeda ayaa la dhimi doonaa - PBO ITN? Sababta walaacan ayaa ah in PBO ay ku shaqeyso joojinta ensaymada kaneecada P450 [6], halka CFP ay tahay dilaaga cayayaanka oo u baahan firfircooni iyada oo loo marayo P450s [17]. Sidaa darteed, waxaa la qiyaasayaa in marka pyrethroid-CFP ITN iyo pyrethroid-CFP ITN lagu isticmaalo isla guriga, saameynta xakamaynta ee PBO ee P450 waxay yareyn kartaa waxtarka pyrethroid-CFP ITN. Dhowr daraasadood oo shaybaar ah ayaa muujiyay in kahor soo-gaadhista PBO ay yareyso sunta degdegga ah ee CFP ee falgalayaasha kaneecada ee baaritaanka bio-ga ee tooska ah [18,19,20,21,22]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la sameynayo daraasado u dhexeeya shabakadaha kala duwan ee goobta, isdhexgalka kiimikooyinkan ayaa noqon doona mid aad u adag. Daraasado aan la daabicin ayaa baaray saameynta isticmaalka noocyada kala duwan ee shabakadaha lagu daweeyay cayayaanka. Sidaa darteed, daraasadaha goobta ee qiimeynaya saameynta isticmaalka isku-darka shabaqyada pyrethroid-CFP iyo pyrethroid-PBO ee lagu daweeyay cayayaanka cayayaanka isla qoyska ayaa gacan ka geysan doona go'aaminta in iska hor imaad suurtagal ah oo u dhexeeya noocyadan shabaqyada uu keeno dhibaato hawlgal ah iyo inuu gacan ka geysto go'aaminta istaraatiijiyadda ugu wanaagsan ee loo adeegsado gobollada si siman u kala qaybsan.
Waqtiga boostada: Sebteembar-21-2023