Shabaqyada sariiraha oo ay ku jiraan pyrethroid clofenpyr (CFP) iyo pyrethroid piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ayaa lagu dalacsiiyaa wadamada cidhiidhiga ah si loo wanaajiyo xakamaynta duumada ee ay gudbiso kaneecada u adkaysata pyrethroid.CFP waa antisecticide oo u baahan firfircooni by kaneecada cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450), iyo PBO waxay kor u qaadaysaa waxtarka pyrethroids iyada oo la xakameynayo ficilka enzymes-ka ee kaneecada u adkaysata pyrethroid.Sidaa darteed, joojinta P450 ee PBO waxay yareyn kartaa waxtarka shabakada pyrethroid-CFP marka lagu isticmaalo isla guriga sida shabaqyada pyrethroid-PBO.
Laba tijaabo oo tijaabo ah ayaa la sameeyay si loo qiimeeyo laba nooc oo kala duwan oo ah pyrethroid-CFP ITN (Interceptor® G2, PermaNet® Dual) oo keliya iyo marka lagu daro pyrethroid-PBO ITN (DuraNet® Plus, PermaNet® 3.0).Saamaynta Entomological ee isticmaalka iska caabbinta Pyrethroid Dadweynaha Vector ee koonfurta Benin.Labada daraasadood, dhammaan noocyada mesh waxaa lagu tijaabiyay daawaynta mesh-ka kaliya iyo labanlaab.Bioassays ayaa sidoo kale la sameeyay si loo qiimeeyo iska caabbinta daroogada ee dadyowga vector-ka ee ku jira aqalka iyo in la barto isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya CFP iyo PBO.
Dadku waxay u nugul yihiin CFP laakiin waxay muujiyeen heerar sare oo iska caabin ah oo loo yaqaan 'pyrethroids', laakiin caabbintan waxaa ka adkaaday soo-gaadhistii PBO.Dhimashada Vector ayaa si weyn hoos loogu dhigay guryaha guryaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo isku-darka shabaqyada pyrethroid-CFP iyo shabaqyada PBO ee loo yaqaan 'pyrethroid-PBO' marka la barbar dhigo aqallada isticmaalaya laba shabaqyada pyrethroid-CFP (74% ee Interceptor® G2 vs. 85%, PermaNet® Dual 57% vs. 83 % ), p <0.001).Soo-gaadhista ka hor PBO waxay hoos u dhigtay sunta CFP ee bioassays dhalada, taasoo soo jeedinaysa in saamayntani ay sabab u tahay qayb ka mid ah cadaawadda u dhaxaysa CFP iyo PBO.Dhimashada Vector ayaa aad ugu sarraysay aqallada iyadoo la isticmaalayo isku-darka shabagyada ay ku jiraan shabagyada Pyrethroid-CFP marka la barbar dhigo aqallada aan lahayn shabagyada pyrethroid-CFP, iyo marka shabagyada pyrethroid-CFP keligood loo isticmaalay sidii laba shabag.Marka la wada isticmaalo, dhimashadu waa ugu sarreysa (83-85%).
Daraasadani waxay muujisay in wax-ku-oolnimada pyrethroid-CFP meshes ay hoos u dhacday marka lagu daro pyrethroid-PBO ITN marka la barbardhigo isticmaalka kaligiis, halka waxtarka isku-dhafka mesh-ka ee ay ku jiraan meshes pyrethroid-CFP uu sarreeyo.Natiijooyinkani waxay soo jeedinayaan in mudnaanta la siiyo qaybinta shabakadaha pyrethroid-CFP ee noocyada kale ee shabakadaha ay kordhin doonto saamaynta xakamaynta vector ee xaaladaha la midka ah.
Shabaqyada sariiraha ee lagu daweeyay cayayaanku (ITNs) oo ay ku jiraan sunta cayayaanka ee pyrethroid waxay noqdeen tiirarka ugu muhiimsan ee xakamaynta duumada labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay.Laga soo bilaabo 2004, ku dhawaad 2.5 bilyan oo maro-sariirood oo lagu daweeyay sunta cayayaanka ayaa la siiyay Afrikada ka hoosaysa saxaraha [1], taas oo keentay korodhka saamiga dadka ku seexday marokaca sariiraha lagu daweeyay cayayaan min 4% ilaa 47% [2].Saamaynta hirgelintan ayaa ahayd mid muhiim ah.Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ku dhawaad 2 bilyan oo kiis oo duumada ah iyo 6.2 milyan oo dhimasho ah la baajiyay adduunka oo dhan intii u dhaxaysay 2000 iyo 2021, iyada oo falanqaynta qaabaynta ay soo jeedinayso in shabaqyada la daweeyay cayayaanka ay ahaayeen darawalka ugu weyn ee faa'iidadan [2, 3].Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horumarradani waxay ku yimaadaan qiimo: kobaca kobcinta caabbinta pyrethroid ee dadka duumada.In kasta oo shabagyada sariiraha ee lagu daweeyay pyrethroid-ka ay wali bixin karaan ka hortagga duumada meelaha ay fayrasyadu muujiyaan iska caabbinta pyrethroid [4], daraasadaha qaabaynta ayaa saadaaliyay in heerarka sare ee iska caabbinta, shabaqyada sariiraha ee lagu daweeyay cayayaanka ay hoos u dhigi doonto saamaynta faafa [5]..Sidaa darteed, iska caabbinta pyrethroid waa mid ka mid ah khataraha ugu muhiimsan ee horumarka waara ee xakameynta duumada.
Dhawrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay, jiil cusub oo shabagga sariirta lagu daaweeyay, kaas oo isku daraya pyrethroids iyo kiimiko labaad, ayaa la sameeyay si loo hagaajiyo xakamaynta duumada ee ay gudbiso kaneecada u adkaysata pyrethroid.Fasalka cusub ee ITN waxaa ku jira synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), kaas oo xoojiya pyrethroids isagoo ka takhalusaya enzymes detoxifying ee la xidhiidha caabbinta pyrethroid, gaar ahaan waxtarka cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) [6].Sariiraha lagu daweeyay fluprone (CFP), oo ah sunta cayayaanka azool oo leh hab cusub oo fal lagu beegsanayo neefsiga gacanta, ayaa sidoo kale dhawaan la helay.Ka dib muujinta soo roonaanta saamaynta entomological ee tijaabooyinka tijaabada tijaabada ah [7, 8], taxane taxane ah oo tijaabo ah oo la kontaroolay (cRCT) ayaa la sameeyay si loo qiimeeyo faa'iidooyinka caafimaadka dadweynaha ee shabaqyadan marka la barbar dhigo shabaqyada lagu daweeyay cayayaanka iyadoo la adeegsanayo pyrethroids oo keliya oo la bixiyo caddaynta lagama maarmaanka ah si loogu sheego talooyinka siyaasadda ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) [9].Iyadoo lagu salaynayo caddaymaha saamaynta cudurka faafa ee CRCT ee Uganda [11] iyo Tansaaniya [12], WHO waxay ansixisay sariiraha la daweeyay ee pyrethroid-PBO [10].Pyrethroid-CFP ITN ayaa sidoo kale dhawaan la daabacay ka dib markii RCT-yada isku midka ah ee Benin [13] iyo Tansaaniya [14] ay muujiyeen in qaabka ITN (Interceptor® G2) uu hoos u dhigay dhacdooyinka duumada carruurnimada 46% iyo 44%, siday u kala horreeyaan.10].].
Ka dib dadaallo cusub oo ay sameeyeen Sanduuqa Caalamiga ah iyo deeq-bixiyeyaasha kale ee waaweyn ee duumada si wax looga qabto iska caabbinta cayayaanka iyadoo la dardargelinayo soo bandhigida maro-sariiraha cusub [15], pyrethroid-PBO iyo pyrethroid-CFP sariiraha ayaa mar horeba loo isticmaalay aagagga cudurka.Beddelida cayayaanka dhaqameed.Shabaqyada sariiraha ee la daweeyay ee isticmaala kaliya pyrethroids.Intii u dhaxaysay 2019 iyo 2022, saamiga shabaqyada kaneecada PBO pyrethroid ee la siiyo Afrikada Saxaraha ka hooseeya ayaa kordhay 8% ilaa 51% [1], halka PBO pyrethroid marokaneecada, oo ay ku jiraan maro kaneecada CFP pyrethroid, kaneecada "dual action" ayaa la filayaa 56% ee shixnadaha.Geli suuqa Afrika 2025[16].Sida caddaynta waxtarka pyrethroid-PBO iyo pyrethroid-CFP marokaneecada ayaa sii socota inay koraan, shabaqyadan ayaa la filayaa inay noqdaan kuwo si ballaaran loo heli karo sanadaha soo socda.Sidaa darteed, waxaa jirta baahi sii kordheysa oo ah in la buuxiyo daldaloolada macluumaadka ee ku saabsan isticmaalka ugu wanaagsan ee jiilka cusub ee lagu daaweeyay shabaqyada sariiraha sunta cayayaanka lagu daweeyo si loo gaaro saameynta ugu badan marka kor loo qaado si buuxda loogu isticmaalo.
Marka la eego kororka isku-xiran ee pyrethroid CFP iyo pyrethroid PBO mareegaha kaneecada, Barnaamijka Qaranka ee Xakamaynta Duumada (NMCP) wuxuu leeyahay hal su'aal cilmi baaris oo shaqo: waxtarkeeda ma la dhimi doonaa - PBO ITN?Sababta walaacan ayaa ah in PBO ay u dhaqanto iyada oo joojinaysa kaneecada P450 enzymes [6], halka CFP ay tahay antisecticide u baahan firfircoonida iyada oo loo marayo P450s [17].Sidaa darteed, waxaa la qiyaasayaa in marka pyrethroid-CFP ITN iyo pyrethroid-CFP ITN loo isticmaalo isla guriga, saameynta xannibaadda ee PBO ee P450 waxay yareyn kartaa waxtarka pyrethroid-CFP ITN.Daraasado dhowr ah oo shaybaar ayaa muujiyay in horay u-soo-gaadhista PBO ay hoos u dhigayso sunta daran ee CFP ilaa vectors kaneecada ee soo-gaadhista tooska ah ee bioassays [18,19,20,21,22].Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la samaynayo daraasado u dhexeeya shabakadaha kala duwan ee goobta, isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya kiimikooyinkan ayaa noqon doona mid aad u adag.Daraasado aan la daabicin ayaa baadhay saamaynta ay leedahay isticmaalka noocyada kala duwan ee shabaqyada lagu daweeyay cayayaanka.Haddaba, daraasaadka gudaha ee qiimaynaya saamaynta isticmaalka isku-darka ah ee pyrethroid-CFP iyo pyrethroid-PBO ee shabaqyada sariiraha ee isla guriga ayaa gacan ka geysan doona go'aaminta in iskahorimaadka ka dhexeeya shabaqyada noocan ahi ay keenayso dhibaato hawleed waxayna gacan ka geysan doontaa go'aaminta istaraatiijiyada ugu fiican ee la geeyo. .gobolladeeda si isku mid ah loo qaybiyey.
Waqtiga boostada: Seb-21-2023