Saamaynta isku-dhafka ah ee saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee dadka waaweyn waxay kordhisaa sunta permethrin ee ka dhanka ah Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) |

Mashruuc hore oo lagu tijaabiyay warshadaynta cuntada maxaliga ah ee kaneecada ee Thailand, saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah (EOs) ee Cyperus rotundus, galangal iyo qorfe ayaa la ogaaday inay leeyihiin firfircooni ka hortag ah kaneecada oo ka dhan ah Aedes aegypti.In la isku dayo in la yareeyo isticmaalka dhaqankacayayaankaiyo in la wanaajiyo xakamaynta dadka kaneecada adkaysi u leh, daraasaddan ayaa ujeedadeedu tahay in la aqoonsado isdhexgalka suurtagalka ah ee ka dhexeeya saamaynta qaangaarka ee ethylene oxide iyo sunta permethrin ee kaneecada Aedes.aegypti, oo ay ku jiraan pyrethroid u adkaysta iyo noocyada xasaasiga ah.
Si loo qiimeeyo isku dhafka kiimikada iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dilka EO laga soo saaray rhizomes ee C. rotundus iyo A. galanga iyo jilif C. verum ee ka soo horjeeda cadaadiska u nugul Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) iyo cadaadiska u adkaysta Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R) ).) Dadka waaweyn ee firfircoon Ae.Aedes egypti.Bioassay qaangaar ah oo ah isku dhafka EO-permethrin ayaa sidoo kale lagu sameeyay kaneecada Aedes-ka si loo fahmo dhaqdhaqaaqeeda is dhexgalka.noocyada aegypti.
Sifaynta kiimikada iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka falanqaynta GC-MS waxay muujisay in 48 xeryahooda laga aqoonsaday EOs ee C. rotundus, A. galanga iyo C. verum, oo u dhiganta 80.22%, 86.75% iyo 97.24% wadarta qaybaha, siday u kala horreeyaan.Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), iyo cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) waa qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee saliidda cyperus, saliid galangal, iyo saliid balsamic, siday u kala horreeyaan.Baaritaannada dilka dadka waaweyn ee noolaha, C. rotundus, A. galanga iyo C. verum EVs ayaa wax ku ool u ahaa dilka Ae.aegypti, MCM-S iyo PMD-R LD50 waxay ahaayeen 10.05 iyo 9.57 μg / mg dhedig, 7.97 iyo 7.94 μg / mg dumar ah, iyo 3.30 iyo 3.22 μg / mg dumar ah, siday u kala horreeyaan.Waxtarka MCM-S iyo PMD-R Ae ee dilka dadka waaweyn.aegypti ee EO-yadan waxay ku dhowaatay piperonyl butoxide (qiimaha PBO, LD50 = 6.30 iyo 4.79 μg/mg dhedig, siday u kala horreeyaan), laakiin aan loogu dhawaaqin sida permethrin (LD50 qiyamka = 0.44 iyo 3.70 ng/mg dheddigga siday u kala horreeyaan).Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bioassays-ka isku-darka ah ayaa laga helay isku-dhafka EO iyo permethrin.Isku-dhafka muhiimka ah ee permethrin ee ka dhanka ah labada nooc ee kaneecada Aedes.Aedes aegypti waxaa lagu xusay EM ee C. rotundus iyo A. galanga.Ku darida saliidaha C. rotundus iyo A. galanga waxay si weyn hoos ugu dhigeen qiimaha LD50 ee permethrin ee MCM-S laga bilaabo 0.44 ilaa 0.07 ng / mg iyo 0.11 ng / mg ee dheddigga, siday u kala horreeyaan, oo leh qiimaha is-dhexgalka (SR) 6.28 iyo 4.00 siday u kala horreeyaan.Intaa waxaa dheer, C. rotundus iyo A. galanga EOs ayaa sidoo kale si weyn hoos ugu dhigay qiimaha LD50 ee permethrin ee PMD-R laga bilaabo 3.70 ilaa 0.42 ng / mg iyo 0.003 ng / mg ee dheddigga, siday u kala horreeyaan, oo leh qiimaha SR ee 8.81 iyo 1233.33, siday u kala horreeyaan..
Saamaynta isku-dhafka ah ee isku-dhafka EO-permethrin si kor loogu qaado sunta dadka waaweyn ee ka dhanka ah labada nooc ee kaneecada Aedes.Aedes aegypti waxay muujinaysaa doorka rajo-gelinta ah ee ethylene oxide oo ah isku-dubarid si kor loogu qaado waxtarka kaneecada, gaar ahaan meelaha xeryahooda dhaqameedku ay yihiin kuwo aan waxtar lahayn ama aan habboonayn.
Kaneecada Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) waa fayraska ugu weyn ee qandhada dengue iyo cudurrada kale ee faafa ee fayraska sida xummadda jaalaha ah, chikungunya iyo fayraska Zika, oo khatar weyn oo joogto ah ku haya bini'aadamka[1, 2]..Fayraska Dengue waa qandhada dhiigbaxa keena ee ugu daran ee saamaysa bini'aadamka, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay 5-100 milyan oo xaaladood ay dhacaan sanad walba iyo in ka badan 2.5 bilyan oo qof oo adduunka ah ayaa halis ugu jira [3].Faafitaanka cudurkan faafa wuxuu culeys weyn saarayaa dadka, nidaamyada caafimaadka iyo dhaqaalaha inta badan wadamada kuleylaha ah [1].Sida laga soo xigtay Wasaaradda Caafimaadka ee Thailand, waxaa jiray 142,925 xaaladood oo qandho dengue ah iyo 141 dhimasho ah oo laga soo sheegay dalka oo dhan 2015, in ka badan saddex jeer tirada kiisaska iyo dhimashada 2014 [4].Inkasta oo ay jirto caddayn taariikhi ah, qandhada dengue ayaa la ciribtiray ama aad u yaraysay kaneecada Aedes.Ka dib markii la xakameeyey Aedes aegypti [5], heerarka caabuqa ayaa si aad ah u kordhay oo cudurku ku faafay aduunka oo dhan, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay qayb ka mid ah tobanaan sano oo kulaylka caalamiga ah.Ciribtirka iyo xakamaynta Ae.Aedes aegypti waa mid aad u adag sababtoo ah waa faleebo kaneeco gudaha ah taas oo lammaaneeysa, quudisa, nasataa oo ukunta ku riddaa gudaha iyo hareeraha guriga aadanaha maalintii.Intaa waxaa dheer, kaneecadani waxay awood u leedahay inay la qabsato isbeddellada deegaanka ama khalkhalka ay keento dhacdooyinka dabiiciga ah (sida abaarta) ama tallaabooyinka xakamaynta bini'aadamka, waxayna ku noqon kartaa tirooyinka asalka ah [6, 7].Sababtoo ah tallaalada qandhada dengue ayaa dhawaan la ansixiyay mana jirto daaweyn gaar ah oo loogu talagalay qandhada dengue, ka hortagga iyo yaraynta khatarta gudbinta dengue waxay gebi ahaanba ku xiran tahay xakamaynta vector-ka kaneecada iyo baabi'inta xiriirka bini'aadamka ee vectors.
Gaar ahaan, isticmaalka kiimikooyinka loogu talagalay xakamaynta kaneecada hadda waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa caafimaadka bulshada iyada oo qayb muhiim ah ka ah maaraynta vector isku dhafan oo dhamaystiran.Hababka kiimikaad ee ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah isticmaalka sunta cayayaanka yar-yar ee ka soo horjeeda dirxiga kaneecada (larvicides) iyo kaneecada dadka waaweyn (adidocides).Xakamaynta dirxiga iyada oo loo marayo hoos u dhigista ilaha iyo isticmaalka joogtada ah ee larvicides kiimikaad sida organophosphates iyo xakamaynta koritaanka cayayaanka ayaa loo tixgeliyaa muhiim.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saameynta xun ee deegaanka ee la xiriirta sunta cayayaanka synthetic iyo dayactirkooda xoogga badan iyo kuwa adag ayaa weli ah walaac weyn [8, 9].Xakamaynta firfircoonida dhaqameed ee firfircoon, sida kantaroolka qaangaarka, ayaa ah habka ugu waxtarka badan ee lagu xakameynayo inta lagu jiro faafitaanka fayraska sababtoo ah waxay baabi'in kartaa cudurada faafa si dhakhso ah oo baaxad leh, iyo sidoo kale hoos u dhigista nolosha iyo cimri dhererka dadka deegaanka [3]., 10].Afar qaybood oo ah sunta cayayaanka kiimikada: organochlorine (oo loo yaqaan DDT kaliya), organophosphates, carbamates, iyo pyrethroids ayaa aasaas u ah barnaamijyada xakamaynta vector, iyadoo pyrethroids loo arko fasalka ugu guulaha badan.Waxay aad waxtar ugu leeyihiin arthropods kala duwan waxayna leeyihiin waxtarkoodu hooseeyo.sunta naasleyda.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, pyrethroids-synthetic ayaa ka kooban inta badan sunta cayayaanka ganacsiga, oo ka dhigan qiyaastii 25% suuqa sunta cayayaanka ee caalamiga ah [11, 12].Permethrin iyo deltamethrin waa cayayaanin pyrethroid ballaaran oo loo isticmaali jiray adduunka oo dhan muddo tobanaan sano ah si loo xakameeyo cayayaan kala duwan oo muhiim u ah beeraha iyo caafimaadka [13, 14].Sannadihii 1950-aadkii, DDT waxaa loo doortay inay noqoto kiimikooyinka doorashada ee barnaamijka xakamaynta kaneecada caafimaadka dadweynaha ee qaranka Thailand.Ka dib isticmaalkii baahsanaa ee DDT ee meelaha duumada-xanuunsan, Thailand si tartiib tartiib ah u joojisay isticmaalka DDT intii u dhaxaysay 1995 iyo 2000 waxayna ku bedeshay laba pyrethroids: permethrin iyo deltamethrin [15, 16].Cayayaanka pyrethroid-ka ayaa la soo bandhigay horraantii 1990-meeyadii si loo xakameeyo duumada iyo qandhada dengue, ugu horrayn iyada oo loo marayo daawaynta shabakada sariirta iyo isticmaalka ceeryaamo kulaylka iyo buufinta sunta aadka u hooseeya [14, 17].Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay lumiyeen waxtarka sababtoo ah caabbinta kaneecada oo xooggan iyo la'aanta u hoggaansanaanta dadweynaha sababtoo ah welwelka laga qabo caafimaadka dadweynaha iyo saameynta deegaanka ee kiimikada synthetic.Tani waxay keenaysaa caqabado waaweyn oo ku wajahan guusha barnaamijyada xakamaynta khatarta ah [14, 18, 19].Si loo sameeyo istaraatijiyad mid wax ku ool ah, waqti ku habboon iyo tallaabooyin ka hortag ah ayaa lagama maarmaan ah.Nidaamyada maaraynta ee lagu taliyay waxaa ka mid ah beddelka walxaha dabiiciga ah, wareejinta kiimikooyinka fasallada kala duwan, ku-darka isku-dhafka, iyo isku-dhafka kiimikooyinka ama codsiga isku mar ah ee kiimikooyinka fasallada kala duwan [14, 20, 21].Sidaa darteed, waxaa jirta baahi degdeg ah oo loo qabo in la helo oo la horumariyo deegaan-saaxiibtinimo, ku habboon oo wax ku ool ah beddelka iyo isku-dhafka daraasaddan waxay ujeeddadeedu tahay inay wax ka qabato baahidan.
Cayayaanka dabiiciga ah ee laga soocay, gaar ahaan kuwa ku salaysan qaybaha dhirta, ayaa muujiyay suurtagalnimada qiimeynta hadda iyo mustaqbalka beddelka kaneecada [22, 23, 24].Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa muujiyay in ay suurtagal tahay in la xakameeyo vector-ka kaneecada ee muhiimka ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo wax soo saarka dhirta, gaar ahaan saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah (EOs), sida dilaaga waaweyn.Guryaha qaangaarka ah ee ka soo horjeeda noocyada kaneecada ee muhiimka ah ayaa laga helay saliido badan oo khudradeed ah sida celery, cumin, zedoaria, anise, basbaaska tuubada, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Eichopdium ambrosioidemu, Cochnopodium ambrosioidem, ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata iyo Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].Ethylene oxide hadda lama istcimaalo keligeed, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa lagu daraa walxaha dhirta laga soo saaro ama sunta cayayaanka ee jira, taas oo soo saarta heerar kala duwan oo sun ah.Isku darka cayayaanka dhaqameed ee sida organophosphates, carbamates iyo pyrethroids leh ethylene oxide / dhirta dhirta waxay u dhaqmaan si isku mid ah ama ka soo horjeeda saameyntooda sunta ah waxaana la muujiyay inay waxtar u leeyihiin cudurada iyo cayayaanka [31,32,33,34,35].Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasado badan oo ku saabsan saamaynta sunta isku-dhafka ah ee isku-dhafka phytochemicals ee leh ama aan lahayn kiimikooyinka synthetic ayaa lagu sameeyay cayayaanka beeraha iyo cayayaanka halkii laga isticmaali lahaa kaneecada muhiimka ah ee caafimaadka.Waxaa intaa dheer, inta badan shaqada ee saamaynta isku-dhafka ah ee isku-dhafka cayayaanka-synthetic-synthetic vectors-ka kaneecada ayaa diiradda saaray saameynta larvicidal.
Daraasad hore oo ay sameeyeen qorayaashu iyada oo qayb ka ah mashruuc cilmi-baaris oo socda oo lagu baarayo cabsigelinta dhirta cuntada asaliga ah ee Thailand, ethylene oxides ee Cyperus rotundus, galangal iyo qorfe ayaa la ogaaday in ay leeyihiin waxqabadyo suurtagal ah oo ka dhan ah Aedes dadka waaweyn.Masar [36].Sidaa darteed, daraasaddan ayaa loogu talagalay in lagu qiimeeyo waxtarka EOs ee ka go'ay dhirta daawada ee ka dhanka ah kaneecada Aedes.aegypti, oo ay ku jiraan pyrethroid u adkaysta iyo noocyada xasaasiga ah.Saamaynta isku-dhafka ah ee isku-dhafka binary ee ethylene oxide iyo synthetic pyrethroids ee waxtarka wanaagsan ee dadka waaweyn ayaa sidoo kale la falanqeeyay si loo yareeyo isticmaalka cayayaanka dhaqameed iyo kordhinta caabbinta vectors kaneecada, gaar ahaan ka hortagga Aedes.Aedes egypti.Maqaalkani waxa uu ka warramayaa sifada kiimikaad ee saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee waxtarka leh iyo awooddooda si kor loogu qaado sunta permethrin ee ka dhanka ah kaneecada Aedes.aegypti ee noocyada xasaasiga ah ee pyrethroid (MCM-S) iyo noocyada adkaysiga u leh (PMD-R).
Rhizomes of C. rotundus iyo A. galanga iyo jilif C. verum (Jaantus. 1) loo isticmaalo soo saarista saliidda lagama maarmaanka ah ayaa laga soo iibsaday dawooyinka dhirta ee Gobolka Chiang Mai, Thailand.Aqoonsiga sayniska ee dhirtaas waxaa lagu gaaray la tashi uu la yeeshay Mr. James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Department of Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, iyo saynisyahan Wannari Charoensap;Qaybta Farmashiyaha, Kulliyadda Farmasiiga, Jaamacadda Carnegie Mellon, Ms. Voucher shaybaarrada warshad kasta waxaa lagu kaydiyaa Waaxda Parasitology ee Dugsiga Caafimaadka ee Jaamacadda Carnegie Mellon si mustaqbalka loo isticmaalo.
Shaybaarada dhirta ayaa si gaar ah loo engejiyey 3-5 maalmood meel banaan ah oo leh hawo firfircoon iyo heerkulka deegaanka ee ku dhawaad ​​30 ± 5 °C si meesha looga saaro qoyaanka ka hor inta aan la soo saarin saliidaha muhiimka ah ee dabiiciga ah (EOs).Wadar dhan 250 g oo ah walxo kasta oo qalalan ayaa si farsamaysan loo geliyey budo aan dhab ahayn waxaana loo adeegsaday in lagu karantiilo saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah (EOs) iyadoo la nadiifinayo uumiga.Qalabka wax lagu nadiifiyo waxa uu ka kooban yahay maro kuleyl ah oo koronto ah, 3000 mL galaas hoose oo wareeg ah, tiir soo saarid, qaboojiye, iyo qalab Cool ace ah (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) .Ku dar 1600 ml oo biyo ah oo la miiray iyo 10-15 kuul oo galaas ah oo ku shub weelka ka dibna ku diiri ilaa 100°C adiga oo isticmaalaya kuleyliyaha korantada ugu yaraan 3 saacadood ilaa ay ka dhammaato suufka oo aan wax EO ah la soo saarin.Lakabka EO ayaa laga soocay wejiga aqueous iyadoo la isticmaalayo funnel kala soocida, oo lagu qallajiyey sodium sulfate anhydrous (Na2SO4) waxaana lagu kaydiyay dhalada buniga ah ee la shaabadeeyey ee 4°C ilaa isku dhafka kiimikada iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka waaweyn la baaray.
Halabuurka kiimikaad ee saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ayaa isku mar lagu sameeyay bioassay ee walaxda qaangaarka ah.Falanqaynta tayada ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo nidaamka GC-MS oo ka kooban Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gaas chromatograph oo ku qalabaysan hal-baarayaal tiro badan oo xul ah (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) iyo MSD 5975C (EI) ).(Agilent Technologies).
Tiirka Chromatographic – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × dhumucda filimka 0.25 µm).Wadarta guud ee wakhtiga GC-MS wuxuu ahaa 20 daqiiqo.Xaaladaha falanqaynta ayaa ah in heerkulka laynka durduriyaha iyo wareejintu ay yihiin 250 iyo 280 °C, siday u kala horreeyaan;heerkulka foornada ayaa lagu wadaa inuu kordho 50 ° C ilaa 250 ° C oo ah 10 ° C / min, gaaska qaada waa helium;heerka socodka 1.0 ml/min;Mugga durida waa 0.2 µL (1/10% mugga CH2Cl2, saamiga kala qaybsanaanta 100:1);Nidaamka ionization elektarooniga ah oo leh tamarta ionization ee 70 eV ayaa loo isticmaalaa ogaanshaha GC-MS.Qiyaasta iibsashadu waa 50-550 unugyada atomigga mass (amu) iyo xawaaraha sawirku waa 2.91 sawir ilbiriqsikii.Boqolkiiba marka loo eego qaybaha waxa lagu muujiyay boqolleyda caadiga ah ee aagga ugu sarreeya.Aqoonsiga maaddooyinka EO waxay ku salaysan tahay tusmahooda haynta (RI).RI waxaa lagu xisaabiyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egta Van den Dool iyo Kratz [37] ee taxanaha n-alkanes (C8-C40) iyo marka la barbar dhigo tusmooyinka haynta ee suugaanta [38] iyo kaydinta maktabadda (NIST 2008 iyo Wiley 8NO8).Aqoonsiga xeryahooda la muujiyay, sida qaab-dhismeedka iyo caanaha unugyada, ayaa lagu xaqiijiyay marka la barbardhigo muunado dhab ah oo la heli karo.
Heerarka falanqaynta ee permethrin synthetic iyo piperonyl butoxide (PBO, xakamaynta togan ee daraasadaha isdhexgalka) ayaa laga soo iibsaday Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) xidhmooyinka baadhista dadka waaweyn iyo qiyaasaha ogaanshaha ee warqadaha permethrin-imamka ah (0.75%) ayaa ganacsi ahaan looga soo iibsaday Xarunta Xakamaynta Vector ee WHO ee Penang, Malaysia.Dhammaan kiimikooyinka kale iyo reagen ee la isticmaalay waxay ahaayeen heer gorfayn waxaana laga soo iibsaday machadyada maxalliga ah ee Gobolka Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Kaneecada loo isticmaalo sida noolaha tijaabada ah ee bioassay qaangaarka ah waxay si xor ah u galmoodeen shaybaarka Aedes kaneecada.aegypti, oo ay ku jiraan dhibka Muang Chiang Mai ee u nugul (MCM-S) iyo cadaadis u adkaysta Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R).Cadaadiska MCM-S waxaa laga helay muunado maxalli ah oo laga soo aruuriyay aagga Muang Chiang Mai, Gobolka Chiang Mai, Thailand, waxaana lagu hayaa qolka entology ee Waaxda Parasitology, CMU School of Medicine, tan iyo 1995 [39].Nooca PMD-R, oo la ogaaday inuu u adkaysanayo permethrin, ayaa laga soocay kaneecada beerta asal ahaan laga soo ururiyay Ban Pang Mai Dang, Degmada Mae Tang, Gobolka Chiang Mai, Thailand, waxaana lagu hayaa isla machad la mid ah tan iyo 1997 [40] ].Noocyada PMD-R ayaa lagu koray cadaadis la doortay si ay u ilaaliyaan heerarka iska caabbinta iyagoo si isdaba-joog ah u soo bandhigay 0.75% permethrin iyadoo la adeegsanayo xirmada baaritaanka WHO oo leh qaar ka mid ah isbeddellada [41].Nooc kasta oo Ae ah.Aedes aegypti waxa si gaar ah loogu gumaystay shaybaadhka cudur-sidaha-free 25 ± 2 °C iyo 80 ± 10% qoyaan qaraabo ah iyo 14:10 h iftiin/muddo sawireed.Qiyaastii 200 dirxi ayaa lagu hayaa saxarada caagagga ah (dhererkiisu yahay 33 cm, ballac 28 cm ah iyo 9 cm sare) oo ay ka buuxiyeen biyaha tuubada cufnaanta 150-200 dirxiga halkii saxaarad waxaana lagu quudin jiray laba jeer maalin kasta buskudka eyda jeermisan.Gooryaanka dadka waaweyn waxaa lagu hayaa qafis qoyan waxaana si joogto ah loogu quudin jiray 10% sukrose aqueous ah iyo 10% sharoobada fitamiinada badan.Kaneecada dheddigga ah waxay si joogto ah u nuugtaa dhiigga si ay ukun u dhalaan.Dumarka laba ilaa shan maalmood jira ee aan dhiiga la siin waxa si joogto ah loogu isticmaali karaa tijaabooyinka bayoolojiga ee qaangaarka.
Jawaab-celinta qiyaasta-dhimashada bioassay ee EO ayaa lagu sameeyay kaneecada Aedes ee dumarka qaangaarka ah.aegypti, MCM-S iyo PMD-R iyadoo la isticmaalayo hab la mariyo oo wax laga beddelay iyadoo la raacayo hab-maamuuska heerka WHO ee baaritaanka nuglaanshaha [42].EO warshad kasta ayaa si isdaba joog ah loogu qasi jiray dareere ku habboon (tusaale ethanol ama acetone) si loo helo taxane qalin jabiyay oo ah 4-6 uruurin.Ka dib suuxinta kaarboon dioxide (CO2), kaneecada ayaa si gaar ah loo miisaamay.Kaneecada la suuxiyay ayaa markaa lagu hayaa dhaqdhaqaaq la'aan warqad filter qalalan oo ku taal saxan qabow oo caado ah oo hoos yimaada stereomikroscope si looga hortago dib u soo kicinta inta lagu jiro hawsha.Daawaynta kasta, 0.1 μl ee xalka EO ayaa lagu dabaqay pronotum-ka sare ee dheddigga iyadoo la adeegsanayo microdispenser-gacanta Hamilton (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA).Shan iyo labaatan dumar ah ayaa lagu daweeyay fiirsi kasta, iyadoo dhimashadu u dhaxaysay 10% ilaa 95% ugu yaraan 4 ururo kala duwan.Kaneecada lagu daweeyay dareere waxay u adeegtay sidii xakamayn.Si looga hortago faddaraynta shaybaarada tijaabada, ku beddel xaashida shaandhaynta warqad cusub oo EO kasta oo la tijaabiyo.Qiyaasaha loo isticmaalo bioassays-yadan ayaa lagu muujiyay micrograms EO halkii milligram ee miisaanka jidhka dheddigga ee nool.Dhaqdhaqaaqa PBO ee qaangaarka ah ayaa sidoo kale loo qiimeeyay si la mid ah EO, iyadoo PBO loo isticmaalo xakamaynta togan ee tijaabooyinka isdhexgalka.Kaneecada la daweeyay ee dhamaan kooxaha ayaa lagu riday koobo balaastik ah waxaana la siiyay 10% sukrose iyo 10% sharoobada fitamiinada badan.Dhammaan bioassay-yada waxaa lagu sameeyay 25 ± 2 °C iyo 80 ± 10% qoyaan qaraabo ah waxaana lagu celceliyay afar jeer iyadoo la kontaroolo.Dhimashada muddada 24-saac ee barbaarinta ayaa la hubiyay oo la xaqiijiyay ka jawaabid la'aanta kaneecada ee kicinta farsamada ka dibna la duubay iyadoo lagu salaynayo celceliska afar nuqul.Daawaynta tijaabada ah ayaa lagu soo celceliyay afar jeer muunad kasta oo tijaabo ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaybo kala duwan oo kaneeco ah.Natiijooyinka waa la soo koobay waxaana loo isticmaalay in lagu xisaabiyo heerka dhimashada boqolkiiba, kaas oo loo isticmaalay in lagu go'aamiyo qiyaasta dilaaga ah ee 24-saac ee falanqaynta faa'iidada.
Saamaynta anticidal ee isku-dhafka ah ee EO iyo permethrin ayaa la qiimeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo habraaca qiimaynta sunta deegaanka [42] sidii hore loo sharaxay.Isticmaal acetone ama ethanol sida dareere ah si aad ugu diyaariso permethrin ee xoogga la doonayo, iyo sidoo kale isku dhafka binary EO iyo permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin lagu qaso EO at LD25).Xirmooyinka tijaabada (permethrin iyo EO-permethrin) ayaa lagu qiimeeyay marka loo eego noocyada MCM-S iyo PMD-R ee Ae.Aedes egypti.Mid kasta oo ka mid ah 25 kaneeco dhedig ah ayaa la siiyay afar qiyaasood oo permethrin ah si loo tijaabiyo waxtarkeeda dilka dadka waaweyn, iyadoo daaweyn kasta lagu celceliyay afar jeer.Si loo aqoonsado musharraxiinta EO synergists, 4 ilaa 6 qiyaasood oo EO-permethrin ah ayaa la siiyay mid kasta oo ka mid ah 25 kaneeco dhedig ah, iyadoo codsi kasta lagu celceliyay afar jeer.Daawaynta PBO-permethrin (permethrin oo lagu daray LD25 uruurinta PBO) ayaa sidoo kale u adeegtay sidii xakamayn togan.Qiyaasaha loo isticmaalo bioassays-kan waxa lagu muujiyay nanograms muunad tijaabo ah halkii milligram ee miisaanka jidhka dhedig ee nool.Afar qiimayn oo tijaabo ah oo nooc kasta oo kaneeco ah ayaa lagu sameeyay dufcad gooni ah loo koriyey, xogta dhimashadana waa la ururiyey oo la falanqeeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo Probit si loo go'aamiyo qiyaasta dhimashada 24-saac.
Heerka dhimashada waxaa lagu hagaajiyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo habka Abbott [43].Xogta la hagaajiyay waxaa lagu falanqeeyay falanqeynta dib-u-celinta Probit iyadoo la adeegsanayo barnaamijka tirakoobka kumbuyuutarka ee SPSS (nooca 19.0).Qiimaha dilaaga ah ee 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% iyo 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 iyo LD99, siday u kala horreeyaan) ayaa la xisaabiyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo 95% u dhiganta kalsoonida (95% CI).Cabbiraadaha muhiimadda iyo kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya shaybaarrada tijaabada ayaa lagu qiimeeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo tijaabada-chi-square test ama imtixaanka Mann-Whitney U ee qiimaynta nafleyda.Natiijooyinka waxaa loo tixgeliyey inay muhiimad gaar ah leeyihiin P<0.05.Isku-dheellitirka iska caabinta (RR) waxaa lagu qiyaasaa heerka LD50 iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaacidooyinka soo socda [12]:
RR> 1 waxay muujinaysaa iska caabin, iyo RR ≤ 1 waxay muujinaysaa dareenka.Qiimaha saamiga (SR) ee musharraxa is-bahaysi kasta waxa loo xisaabiyaa sida soo socota [34, 35, 44]:
Qodobkani wuxuu natiijooyinka u qaybiyaa saddex qaybood: qiimaha SR ee 1± 0.05 waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inuusan lahayn saameyn muuqata, qiimaha SR ee> 1.05 waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inuu leeyahay saameyn isku-dhafan, iyo qiimaha SR ee saliidda dareeraha jaalaha ah waxay noqon kartaa oo lagu helay uumi jeexjeexa rhizomes ee C. rotundus iyo A. galanga iyo jilif C. verum.Wax-soo-saarka lagu xisaabiyay miisaanka qallalan wuxuu ahaa 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), iyo 0.54% (v/v).w) siday u kala horreeyaan (Shaxda 1).Daraasada GC-MS ee ka kooban kiimikada saliidaha ee C. rotundus, A. galanga iyo C. verum waxay muujisay joogitaanka 19, 17 iyo 21 xeryahooda, kuwaas oo ka dhigan 80.22, 86.75 iyo 97.24% dhammaan qaybaha, siday u kala horreeyaan (Shaxda 2). ).C. lucidum rhizome saliidda xeryahooda inta badan waxay ka kooban yihiin cyperonene (14.04%), oo ay ku xigto carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), iyo α-capsellan (7.53%).Qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee kiimikada saliidda rhizome galangal waa β-bisabolene (18.27%), waxaa ku xiga α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) iyo piperonol (10.09%).Halka cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) loo aqoonsaday inay tahay qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee saliidda jilif ee C. verum, acetate cinnamic (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) iyo 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) ayaa loo tixgeliyey waxyaabo yaryar.Qaab dhismeedka kiimikada ee cyperne, β-bisabolene iyo cinnamaldehyde ayaa ah isku dhafka ugu muhiimsan ee C. rotundus, A. galanga iyo C. verum, siday u kala horreeyaan, sida ku cad sawirka 2.
Natiijooyinka saddex OOs ayaa lagu qiimeeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka waaweyn ee kaneecada Aedes.kaneecada aegypti ayaa lagu muujiyay shaxda 3. Dhammaan EO-yada waxaa la ogaaday inay saameyn xun ku leedahay kaneecada MCM-S Aedes ee noocyo iyo qiyaaso kala duwan.Aedes egypti.EO ugu waxtarka badan waa C. verum, oo ay ku xigto A. galanga iyo C. rotundus oo leh LD50 qiimaha 3.30, 7.97 iyo 10.05 μg / mg MCM-S dheddigga, wax yar ka sarreeya 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) iyo 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD -R dumarka.Tani waxay u dhigantaa PBO oo leh saameyn yar oo qaangaar ah oo ku saabsan PMD-R marka loo eego culeyska MSM-S, oo leh LD50 qiimaha 4.79 iyo 6.30 μg / mg dheddigga, siday u kala horreeyaan (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Waxaa la xisaabin karaa in qiimaha LD50 ee C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus iyo PBO ee ka dhanka ah PMD-R waa qiyaastii 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 iyo 0.76 jeer ka hooseeya kuwa ka dhanka ah MCM-S, siday u kala horreeyaan.Markaa, tani waxay muujinaysaa in u nuglaanshaha PBO iyo EO ay isku mid yihiin labada nooc ee Aedes.In kasta oo PMD-R ay ka nugul tahay MCM-S, dareenka Aedes aegypti muhiim ma ahayn.Taas bedelkeeda, labada nooc ee Aedes ayaa aad ugu kala duwanaa dareenkooda permethrin.aegypti (Shaxda 4).PMD-R waxay muujisay caabbinta weyn ee permethrin (qiimaha LD50 = 0.44 ng / mg haweenka) oo leh LD50 ka sarreeya 3.70 marka la barbardhigo MCM-S (qiimaha LD50 = 0.44 ng / mg haweenka) ng / mg haweenka (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Inkasta oo PMD-R ay aad uga nugul tahay permethrin marka loo eego MCM-S, dareenkeeda PBO iyo C. verum, A. galanga, iyo C. rotundus saliidaha ayaa waxyar ka sarreeya MCM-S.
Sida lagu arkay dadka qaangaarka ah ee bioassay ee isku-dhafka EO-permethrin, isku-dhafka binary ee permethrin iyo EO (LD25) waxay muujiyeen isku-dhafka (qiimaha SR> 1.05) ama wax saameyn ah ma leh (qiimaha SR = 1 ± 0.05).Saamaynta isku dhafan ee dadka waaweyn ee isku dhafka EO-permethrin ee kaneecada albino ee tijaabada ah.Noocyada Aedes aegypti ee MCM-S iyo PMD-R ayaa lagu muujiyay shaxda 4 iyo Jaantuska 3. Ku darida saliidda C. verum ayaa la ogaaday inay wax yar yaraysay LD50 ee permethrin ee ka dhanka ah MCM-S oo waxoogaa kordhisay LD50 ka dhanka ah PMD-R ilaa 0.44- 0.42 ng/mg dumarka iyo 3.70 ilaa 3.85 ng/mg dumarka, siday u kala horreeyaan.Taas bedelkeeda, ku darida saliidaha C. rotundus iyo A. galanga waxay si weyn u yareeyeen LD50 ee permethrin ee MCM-S laga bilaabo 0.44 ilaa 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) iyo 0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg haweenka.Iyada oo ku saleysan qiimaha LD50 ee MCM-S, qiimaha SR ee isku dhafka EO-permethrin ka dib marka lagu daro saliidaha C. rotundus iyo A. galanga waxay ahaayeen 6.28 iyo 4.00, siday u kala horreeyaan.Sidaa darteed, LD50 ee permethrin ee ka dhanka ah PMD-R ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacay 3.70 ilaa 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) iyo 0.003 iyadoo lagu daray saliidaha C. rotundus iyo A. galanga (U = 0) ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg dumar ah.Qiimaha SR ee permethrin oo lagu daray C. rotundus ka dhanka ah PMD-R wuxuu ahaa 8.81, halka qiimaha SR ee isku dhafka galangal-permethrin uu ahaa 1233.33.Marka loo eego MCM-S, qiimaha LD50 ee xakamaynta togan ee PBO ayaa hoos uga dhacday 0.44 ilaa 0.26 ng / mg (haweenka) iyo 3.70 ng / mg (haweenka) ilaa 0.65 ng / mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P) = 0.029) iyo PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Qiimaha SR ee isku dhafka PBO-permethrin ee noocyada MCM-S iyo PMD-R waxay ahaayeen 1.69 iyo 5.69, siday u kala horreeyaan.Natiijooyinkani waxay muujinayaan in saliidaha C. rotundus iyo A. galanga iyo PBO ay kor u qaadaan sunta permethrin ilaa xad ka weyn saliidda C. verum ee noocyada MCM-S iyo PMD-R.
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka waaweyn (LD50) ee EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) iyo isku-darkooda ka dhanka ah pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) iyo adkaysiga (PMD-R) noocyada kaneecada Aedes.Aedes egypti
[45]Pyrethroids synthetic waxaa loo isticmaalaa adduunka oo dhan si loo xakameeyo ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan arthropods ee muhiimadda beeraha iyo caafimaadka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay cawaaqib xumada ka dhalan karta isticmaalka sunta la isku daray, gaar ahaan marka la eego korriinka iyo caabbinta baahsan ee kaneecada, iyo sidoo kale saameynta ay ku leedahay caafimaadka muddada dheer iyo deegaanka, hadda waxaa loo baahan yahay in si degdeg ah loo yareeyo isticmaalka. ee sunta cayayaanka dhaqameed ee synthetic iyo horumariyo beddelaad [35, 46, 47].Marka lagu daro ilaalinta deegaanka iyo caafimaadka dadka, faa'iidooyinka cayayaanka dhirta waxaa ka mid ah xulashada sare, helitaanka caalamiga ah, fududaynta wax soo saarka iyo isticmaalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid soo jiidasho leh oo xakameynaya kaneecada [32,48, 49].Daraasaddan, marka lagu daro sharraxaadda sifooyinka kiimikada ee saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee waxtarka leh iyada oo loo marayo falanqaynta GC-MS, waxay sidoo kale qiimeysay awoodda saliidaha muhiimka ah ee qaangaarka ah iyo awoodda ay u leeyihiin inay kor u qaadaan sunta permethrin ee synthetic.aegypti ee noocyada xasaasiga ah ee pyrethroid (MCM-S) iyo noocyada adkaysiga u leh (PMD-R).
Tilmaamaha GC-MS waxay muujisay in cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) iyo cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ay ahaayeen qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee saliidaha C. rotundus, A. galanga iyo C. verum, siday u kala horreeyaan.Kiimikooyinkani waxay muujiyeen hawlo bayooloji oo kala duwan.Ahn iyo al.[50] ayaa sheegay in 6-acetoxycyperene, oo ka go'an rhizome ee C. rotundus, u dhaqmo sida xarun antitumor waxayna keeni kartaa apoptosis-ku-tiirsanaanta unugyada kansarka ugxan-sidaha.β-Bisabolene, oo laga soo saaro saliidda lagama maarmaanka ah ee geedka malmalka, waxay muujisaa cytotoxicity gaar ah oo ka dhan ah unugyada burooyinka naasaha iyo jiirka labadaba gudaha vitro iyo in vivo [51].Cinnamaldehyde, oo laga helay walxaha dabiiciga ah ama lagu sameeyay shaybaarka, ayaa lagu soo warramey inay leedahay cayayaanka, bakteeriyada, antifungal, anti-bararka, immunomodulatory, anticancer, iyo hawlaha antiangiogenic [52].
Natiijooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa bioassay ee qaangaarka ee qiyaasta-ku-tiirsanaanta waxay muujisay karti wanaagsan oo EO-yada la tijaabiyay waxayna muujisay in noocyada kaneecada Aedes ee MCM-S iyo PMD-R ay u nugul yihiin EO iyo PBO.Aedes egypti.Isbarbardhigga waxtarka EO iyo permethrin ayaa muujiyay in kan dambe uu leeyahay saameyn xasaasiyadeed oo xooggan: LD50 qiimaha waa 0.44 iyo 3.70 ng / mg ee dheddigga ee MCM-S iyo PMD-R, siday u kala horreeyaan.Natiijooyinkan waxaa taageeray cilmi-baarisyo badan oo muujinaya in cayayaanka dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah, gaar ahaan alaabooyinka ka soo jeeda dhirta, ay guud ahaan waxtar yar yihiin marka loo eego walxaha synthetic [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Tani waxay noqon kartaa sababtoo ah kii hore waa isku-dhafan adag oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon ama aan firfircoonayn, halka kan dambe uu yahay xarun firfircoon oo la nadiifiyey.Si kastaba ha noqotee, kala duwanaanshaha iyo kakanaanta maaddooyinka firfircoon ee dabiiciga ah ee leh habab kala duwan oo ficil ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay kor u qaadaan dhaqdhaqaaqa bayoolojiga ama waxay horjoogsadaan horumarinta caabbinta dadka martida loo yahay [55, 56, 57].Cilmi-baarayaal badan ayaa soo sheegay awoodda kaneecada ee C. verum, A. galanga iyo C. rotundus iyo qaybahooda sida β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde iyo 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63,64].Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib u eegis lagu sameeyay suugaanta ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in aysan jirin warbixino hore oo ku saabsan saameynteeda isku-dhafka ah ee permethrin ama cayayaanka kale ee synthetic ee ka dhanka ah kaneecada Aedes.Aedes egypti.
Daraasaddan, farqi weyn oo u nugul nuglaanta permethrin ayaa lagu arkay inta u dhaxaysa labada nooc ee Aedes.Aedes egypti.MCM-S waxay u nugul tahay permethrin, halka PMD-R ay aad uga yar tahay dareenkiisa, oo leh heerka caabbinta 8.41.Marka la barbardhigo dareenka MCM-S, PMD-R waa mid aad u nugul permethrin laakiin aad u nugul EO, siinta saldhig u ah daraasado dheeraad ah oo loogu talagalay kordhinta waxtarka permethrin iyada oo la isku darayo EO.Bioassay-ku-salaysan isku-dhafan oo ku salaysan saamaynta dadka waaweyni waxay muujisay in isku-darka binary ee EO iyo permethrin ay hoos u dhigeen ama korodhay dhimashada Aedes qaangaarka ah.Aedes egypti.Ku darida saliidda C. verum ayaa wax yar hoos u dhigtay LD50 ee permethrin ka dhanka ah MCM-S laakiin wax yar ayaa kordhay LD50 marka loo eego PMD-R oo leh SR qiyamka 1.05 iyo 0.96, siday u kala horreeyaan.Tani waxay tusinaysaa in saliidda C. verum aanay ku lahayn saamayn isku-dhafan ama ka soo horjeedda permethrin marka lagu tijaabiyo MCM-S iyo PMD-R.Taas bedelkeeda, saliidaha C. rotundus iyo A. galanga waxay muujiyeen saameyn is-dhexgal oo muhiim ah iyaga oo si weyn u yareynaya qiimaha LD50 ee permethrin ee MCM-S ama PMD-R.Marka permethrin la isku daray EO of C. rotundus iyo A. galanga, qiimaha SR ee isku dhafka EO-permethrin ee MCM-S waxay ahaayeen 6.28 iyo 4.00, siday u kala horreeyaan.Intaa waxaa dheer, markii permethrin lagu qiimeeyay PMD-R marka lagu daro C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) ama A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), qiimaha SR ayaa si weyn u kordhay.Waxaa xusid mudan in labadaba C. rotundus iyo A. galanga ay kor u qaadeen sunta permethrin ee ka dhanka ah PMD-R Ae.Masar si weyn.Sidoo kale, PBO waxaa lagu ogaadey in ay kordhiso sunta permethrin ee leh SR 1.69 iyo 5.69 ee noocyada MCM-S iyo PMD-R, siday u kala horreeyaan.Maadaama C. rotundus iyo A. galanga ay lahaayeen qiyamka SR-ga ugu sarreeya, waxaa loo tixgaliyay inay yihiin kuwa ugu fiican ee isku-dhafka ah si kor loogu qaado sunta permethrin ee MCM-S iyo PMD-R, siday u kala horreeyaan.
Daraasado dhowr ah oo hore ayaa soo sheegay saameynta isdhexgalka ee isku darka cayayaanka synthetic iyo dhirta laga soo saaro noocyada kala duwan ee kaneecada.Bioassay larvicidal ah oo ka dhan ah Anopheles Stephensi oo ay daraasad ku sameeyeen Kalayanasundaram iyo Das [65] ayaa muujisay in fenthion, organophosphate ballaaran, ay la xiriirto Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax iyo Parthenium hysterophorus.Isku-dubarid muhiim ah ayaa lagu arkay inta u dhaxaysa soosaarayaasha leh saamaynta isku-dhafka ah (SF) ee 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 iyo 2.23, siday u kala horreeyaan.Baadhitaanka larvicidal ee noocyada 15 mangrove, soosaarka batroolka ether-ka ee xididdada mangrove ayaa la ogaaday inuu waxtar u leeyahay Culex quinquefasciatus oo leh LC50 qiimaha 25.7 mg / L [66].Saamaynta isku-dhafka ah ee soosaarkan iyo pyrethrum-ka cayayaanka botanical-ka ayaa sidoo kale la sheegay in la yareeyo LC50 ee pyrethrum ee ka soo horjeeda dirxiga C. quinquefasciatus laga bilaabo 0.132 mg / L ilaa 0.107 mg / L, marka lagu daro, xisaabinta SF ee 1.23 ayaa loo isticmaalay daraasaddan.34,35,44].Waxtarka isku dhafka ah ee laga soosaaray xididka citron ee Solanum iyo dhowr sunta cayayaanka synthetic (tusaale, fenthion, cypermethrin (pyrethroid synthetic) iyo timethphos (organophosphorus larvicide)) ee ka dhanka ah kaneecada Anopheles ayaa la qiimeeyay.Stephensi [54] iyo C. quinquefasciatus [34].Isticmaalka wadajirka ah ee cypermethrin iyo miraha jaalaha ah ee batroolka ether-ka ayaa muujiyay saameyn isku mid ah oo ku saabsan cypermethrin dhammaan saamiyada.Saamiga ugu waxtarka badan wuxuu ahaa 1: 1 isku darka binary ee LC50 iyo SF ee 0.0054 ppm iyo 6.83, siday u kala horreeyaan, marka loo eego An.Stephen West[54].Halka 1: 1 isku dhafka binary ee S. xanthocarpum iyo temephos ay ka soo horjeedaan (SF = 0.6406), S. xanthocarpum-fenthion isku darka (1: 1) waxay soo bandhigtay waxqabadyo isku dhafan oo ka dhan ah C. quinquefasciatus oo leh SF ee 1.3125 [34].Tong iyo Blomquist [35] waxay daraasad ku sameeyeen saamaynta ethylene oxide ee dhirta sunta carbaryl (carbamate-ka ballaaran) iyo permethrin ee kaneecada Aedes.Aedes egypti.Natiijooyinka waxay muujiyeen in ethylene oxide ka soo jeeda agar, basbaaska madow, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood iyo sisinta ay kordhiyeen sunta carbaryl ilaa kaneecada Aedes.Qiimaha dirxiga aegypti SR way kala duwan yihiin 1.0 ilaa 7.0.Taas bedelkeeda, EO-yada midkoodna ma ahayn sun kaneecada Aedes ee qaangaarka ah.Marxaladdan, wax saameyn ah oo is-dhexgal ah looma soo sheegin isku darka Aedes aegypti iyo EO-carbaryl.PBO waxa loo isticmaalay sidii xakamayn togan si kor loogu qaado sunta karbaryl ee ka dhanka ah kaneecada Aedes.Qiimaha SR ee dirxiga Aedes aegypti iyo dadka waaweyn waa 4.9-9.5 iyo 2.3, siday u kala horreeyaan.Kaliya isku dhafka binary ee permethrin iyo EO ama PBO ayaa lagu tijaabiyay dhaqdhaqaaqa larvicidal.Isku dhafka EO-permethrin wuxuu lahaa saameyn liddi ku ah, halka isku dhafka PBO-permethrin uu saameyn isku mid ah ka yeeshay kaneecada Aedes.Larvae ee Aedes aegypti.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tijaabooyinka jawaabta qiyaasta iyo qiimaynta SR ee isku dhafka PBO-permethrin weli lama samayn.Inkasta oo natiijooyin yar la helay oo ku saabsan saamaynta isku-dhafka ah ee isku-dhafka phytosynthetic ee ka soo horjeeda vectors kaneecada, xogtani waxay taageertaa natiijooyinka jira, taas oo fureysa rajada lagu daro synergists ma aha oo kaliya in la yareeyo qiyaasta la codsado, laakiin sidoo kale si loo kordhiyo saameynta dilka.Waxtarka cayayaanka.Intaa waxaa dheer, natiijooyinka daraasaddan waxay muujiyeen markii ugu horreysay in saliidaha C. rotundus iyo A. galanga ay si isku mid ah uga shaqeeyaan waxtarka sare ee pyrethroid-u nugul iyo noocyada pyrethroid u adkaysta ee kaneecada Aedes marka la barbar dhigo PBO marka lagu daro sunta permethrin.Aedes egypti.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, natiijooyin lama filaan ah oo ka soo baxay falanqaynta isku-dhafka ah ayaa muujisay in saliidda C. verum ay leedahay waxqabadka ugu weyn ee ka-hortagga dadka waaweyn ee labadaba noocyada Aedes.Waxaa la yaab leh, saameynta sunta ah ee permethrin ee Aedes aegypti waxay ahayd mid aan ku qanacsanayn.Kala duwanaanshaha saamaynta sunta ah iyo saamaynta isdhexgalka ayaa laga yaabaa inay qayb ahaan sabab u tahay soo-gaadhista noocyada kala duwan iyo heerarka qaybaha bioactive ee saliidahan.
In kasta oo ay jiraan dadaallo lagu doonayo in lagu fahmo sida loo horumariyo waxtarka, hababka isku-dhafka ah ayaa weli caddayn.Sababaha suurtagalka ah ee waxtarka kala duwan iyo kartida isku-dhafka ah waxaa ku jiri kara kala duwanaanshaha ka kooban kiimikada alaabada la tijaabiyay iyo kala duwanaanshaha u nugulnaanta kaneecada ee la xidhiidha heerka caabbinta iyo horumarka.Waxaa jira farqi u dhexeeya qaybaha waaweyn iyo kuwa yar-yar ee ethylene oxide ee lagu tijaabiyey daraasaddan, qaar ka mid ah xeryahooda ayaa la muujiyay inay leeyihiin saameyn liddi ku ah cayayaanka iyo cudurada kala duwan [61,62,64,67,68].Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xeryahooda ugu muhiimsan ee lagu garto C. rotundus, A. galanga iyo C. saliidaha verum, sida cypern, β-bisabolene iyo cinnamaldehyde, laguma tijaabin warqadan dhaqdhaqaaqyadooda ka hortagga dadka waaweyn iyo kuwa isdhexgalka ee Ae, siday u kala horreeyaan.Aedes egypti.Sidaa darteed, daraasado mustaqbalka ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo go'doomiyo maaddooyinka firfircoon ee ku jira saliid kasta oo lagama maarmaanka ah oo ay caddeeyaan waxtarkooda cayayaanka iyo isdhexgalka isdhexgalka ee ka dhanka ah vector kaneecada.Guud ahaan, dhaqdhaqaaqa cayayaanka ayaa ku xiran ficilka iyo falcelinta ka dhexeysa sunta iyo unugyada cayayaanka, kuwaas oo la fududayn karo loona qaybin karo saddex marxaladood: dhexgalka maqaarka jidhka cayayaanka iyo xuubabka xubnaha bartilmaameedka, firfircoonida (= isdhexgalka bartilmaameedka) iyo sun-saarista.walxaha sunta ah [57, 69].Sidaa darteed, isku-dhafka cayayaanka ee keenaya waxtarka korodhka isku-darka sunta waxay u baahan tahay ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah qaybahan, sida kororka dhexgalka, firfircoonida badan ee xeryahooda urursan, ama hoos u dhigista sunta cayayaanka ee walxaha firfircoon.Tusaale ahaan, dulqaadka tamarta ayaa dib u dhigaysa dhexgalka cuticle iyada oo loo marayo gooyo dhumuc weyn leh iyo iska caabbinta biochemical, sida dheef-shiid kiimikaad oo la xoojiyay oo lagu arkay qaar ka mid ah noocyada cayayaanka u adkaysta [70,71].Waxtarka muhiimka ah ee EOs ee kordhinta sunta permethrin, gaar ahaan ka dhanka ah PMD-R, waxay muujin kartaa xal u helida dhibaatada caabbinta cayayaanka iyada oo la falgasha hababka iska caabinta [57, 69, 70, 71].Tong iyo Blomquist [35] waxay taageereen natiijooyinka daraasaddan iyagoo muujinaya isdhexgalka isdhexgalka ee u dhexeeya EOs iyo sunta cayayaanka synthetic.aegypti, waxaa jira caddayn waxqabadyo xannibaadyo ah oo ka soo horjeeda enzymes-ka sunta, oo ay ku jiraan cytochrome P450 monooxygenases iyo carboxylesterases, kuwaas oo si dhow ula xiriira horumarinta caabbinta cayayaanka dhaqameed.PBO ma aha oo kaliya in la sheego in uu yahay xannibaadaha dheef-shiid kiimikaadka ee cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, laakiin sidoo kale waxay hagaajinaysaa gelitaanka cayayaanka, sida lagu muujiyay isticmaalka xakamaynta togan ee daraasadaha isdhexgalka [35, 72].Waxa xiiso leh, 1,8-cineole, mid ka mid ah qaybaha muhiimka ah ee laga helo saliidda galangal, ayaa loo yaqaanaa saamaynta sunta ah ee noocyada cayayaanka [22, 63, 73] waxaana lagu soo warramey in ay saameyn ku yeelanayso meelo badan oo cilmi-baaris ah oo cilmi-nafsiyeedka. 74]..,75,76,77].Intaa waxaa dheer, 1,8-cineole oo lagu daray daroogo kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] iyo zidovudine [81] ayaa sidoo kale leh saameyn kor u qaadis ah.in vitro.Sidaa darteed, doorka suurtogalka ah ee 1,8-cineole ee ficil-celinta cayayaanka ee isku-dhafka ah ma aha oo kaliya walxo firfircoon, laakiin sidoo kale sida kobcinta dhexgalka.Sababtoo ah isku-dhafka weyn ee permethrin, gaar ahaan ka dhanka ah PMD-R, saameynta isku-dhafka ah ee saliidda galangal iyo saliidda trichosanthes ee lagu arkay daraasaddan ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka dhalato isdhexgalka hababka iska caabbinta, ie kororka kororka koloriinta.Pyrethroids waxay kordhiyaan firfircoonida xeryahooda urursan waxayna joojiyaan enzymes-ka-saarista sida cytochrome P450 monooxygenases iyo karboksylesterases.Si kastaba ha noqotee, dhinacyadani waxay u baahan yihiin daraasad dheeri ah si loo caddeeyo doorka gaarka ah ee EO iyo xeryahooda go'doonsan (kali ama isku-darka) ee hababka isku-dhafka ah.
Sannadkii 1977, heerarka sii kordhaya ee iska caabbinta permethrin ayaa laga soo sheegay dadweynaha waaweyn ee Thailand, iyo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, isticmaalka permethrin waxaa inta badan lagu beddelay kiimikooyinka kale ee pyrethroid, gaar ahaan kuwa lagu beddelay deltamethrin [82].Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iska caabinta vector ee deltamethrin iyo noocyada kale ee sunta cayayaanka ayaa aad ugu badan dalka oo dhan sababtoo ah isticmaalka xad dhaafka ah ee joogtada ah [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].Si loola dagaallamo dhibaatadan, waxa lagu talinayaa in la beddelo ama dib loo isticmaalo sunta cayayaanka ee la tuuray ee hore waxtar u lahayd oo aan sunta u lahayn naasleyda, sida permethrin.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, in kasta oo isticmaalka permethrin uu hoos u dhacay barnaamijyadii ugu dambeeyay ee kaneecada ee dawladda qaranka, iska caabbinta permethrin ayaa wali laga heli karaa dadka kaneecada.Tan waxa laga yaabaa inay sabab u tahay soo-gaadhista kaneecada alaabada ka hortagga cayayaanka guryaha ee ganacsiga, kuwaas oo inta badan ka kooban permethrin iyo pyrethroids kale [14, 17].Haddaba, dib-u-soo-celinta guusha leh ee permethrin waxay u baahan tahay horumarinta iyo hirgelinta xeeladaha lagu dhimayo iska caabbinta vector.Inkasta oo mid ka mid ah saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee si gaar ah loogu tijaabiyay daraasaddan aysan waxtar u lahayn sida permethrin, wada shaqeynta permethrin waxay keentay saameyn is-dhexgal oo cajiib ah.Tani waa calaamad muujinaysa in isdhexgalka EO ee hababka iska caabbinta ay keenayso isku-dhafka permethrin iyo EO oo ka waxtar badan marka loo eego cayayaanka ama EO oo keliya, gaar ahaan ka dhanka ah PMD-R Ae.Aedes egypti.Faa'iidooyinka isku-dhafka isku-dhafka ah ee kordhinta waxtarka, inkastoo isticmaalka qiyaasaha hoose ee xakamaynta vector, waxay u horseedi kartaa hagaajinta maaraynta iska caabbinta iyo hoos u dhigista kharashyada [33, 87].Natiijooyinkaan, waxaa farxad leh in la ogaado in A. galanga iyo C. rotundus EOs ay si aad ah uga waxtar badnaayeen PBO marka la isku daro sunta permethrin ee labadaba MCM-S iyo PMD-R labadaba waxayna yihiin beddelka suurtagalka ah ee gargaarka ergogenic dhaqameed.
EO-yada la doortay waxay lahaayeen saameyn is-dhexgal oo muhiim ah si kor loogu qaado sunta dadka waaweyn ee ka dhanka ah PMD-R Ae.aegypti, gaar ahaan saliidda galangal, waxay leedahay qiimaha SR ilaa 1233.33, taas oo muujinaysa in EO uu leeyahay ballanqaad ballaadhan oo ah isku-dhafka si kor loogu qaado waxtarka permethrin.Tani waxay kicin kartaa isticmaalka badeecad cusub oo dabiici ah oo firfircoon, taas oo wadajir u kordhin karta isticmaalka alaabta kaneecada ee waxtarka leh.Waxa kale oo ay daaha ka qaadaysaa awoodda ethylene oxide oo ah isku-duwaha beddelka ah si uu si wax ku ool ah u wanaajiyo cayayaanka duugga ah ama dhaqameed si wax looga qabto dhibaatooyinka iska caabbinta ee jira dadka kaneecada.Isticmaalka dhirta diyaarka ah ee barnaamijyada xakamaynta kaneecada kaliya ma dhimayso ku tiirsanaanta alaabta dibadda laga keeno iyo kuwa qaaliga ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay kicisaa dadaalka maxalliga ah ee lagu xoojinayo nidaamyada caafimaadka dadweynaha.
Natiijooyinkani waxay si cad u muujinayaan saamaynta is-dhexgalka ee muhiimka ah ee ay soo saartay isku-dhafka ethylene oxide iyo permethrin.Natiijooyinku waxay muujinayaan kartida ethylene oxide sida isku-dhafka dhirta ee xakamaynta kaneecada, kordhinta waxtarka permethrin ee kaneecada, gaar ahaan dadka u adkaysta.Horumarka mustaqbalka iyo cilmi-baadhistu waxay u baahan doonaan falanqaynta isku-dhafka ah ee bioanalysis ee saliidaha galangal iyo alpinia iyo xeryahooda go'doonsan, isku-darka sunta cayayaanka ee asalka dabiiciga ah ama synthetic ee ka soo horjeeda noocyo badan iyo marxaladaha kaneecada, iyo baaritaanka sunta ee ka dhanka ah noolaha aan bartilmaameedka ahayn.Isticmaalka wax ku oolka ah ee ethylene oxide sida isku-dhafka beddelka ah ee macquulka ah.
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