Citrus, oo ah geed ka tirsan qoyska Arantioideae ee qoyska Rutaceae, waa mid ka mid ah dalagyada lacagta caddaanka ah ee ugu muhiimsan adduunka, oo xisaabiya rubuc ka mid ah wax-soosaarka miraha guud ee adduunka.Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo liinta ah, oo ay ku jiraan liinta diirka ballaaran, orange, pomelo, bambeelmo, liin iyo liin.In ka badan 140 waddan iyo gobollo, oo ay ku jiraan Shiinaha, Brazil iyo Maraykanka, goobta beeritaanka liinta ayaa gaadhay 10.5530 milyan hm2, wax soo saarkuna wuxuu ahaa 166.3030 milyan oo tan.Shiinaha waa dalka ugu weyn ee wax soo saarka liinta iyo iibka dunida, sannadihii la soo dhaafay, aagga beerto iyo wax soo saarka sii kordhaya, in 2022, bedka ku saabsan 3,033,500 hm2, wax soo saarka 6,039 million tons.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warshadaha Liin dhanaanta ee Shiinaha ayaa ah kuwo aad u badan balse aan xoog badnayn, waxaana u dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo Brazil iyo dalal kale.
Liin dhanaantu waa geedka midhaha leh ee leh goobta ugu beerashada badan iyo heerka dhaqaale ee ugu muhiimsan koonfurta Shiinaha, kaas oo muhiimad gaar ah u leh yaraynta saboolnimada warshadaha iyo soo noolaynta miyiga.Iyada oo horumarinta ilaalinta deegaanka iyo wacyigelinta caafimaadka iyo horumarinta caalamiga ah iyo wargelinta warshadaha liinta, liinta cagaaran iyo organic si tartiib tartiib ah u noqonaysa meel kulul ee isticmaalka dadka, iyo baahida loo qabo tayada sare, kala duwan iyo sahayda dheelitiran sanadlaha ah ayaa sii socda kordhiyo.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sannadihii la soo dhaafay, warshadaha liinta ee Shiinaha waxaa saameeya arrimo dabiici ah (heerkulka, roobka, tayada ciidda), technology-soo-saarka (noocyada, tignoolajiyada beerashada, geynta beeraha) iyo hab maamulka, iyo arrimo kale, waxaa jira dhibaatooyin sida noocyo kala duwan oo wanaagsan. iyo awoodda daciifka ah ee ka hortagga cudurrada iyo cayayaanka, wacyigelinta calaamaddu maaha mid xooggan, habka maaraynta waa dib u dhac iyo iibinta miraha xilliyeedku waa adag tahay.Si kor loogu qaado horumarinta cagaarka iyo tayada sare ee warshadaha liinta, waxaa degdeg ah in la xoojiyo cilmi-baarista ku saabsan horumarinta kala duwan, mabda'a iyo tiknoolajiyada miisaanka luminta iyo yaraynta daroogada, tayada iyo hagaajinta waxtarka.Cayayaanka ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara wareegga wax soo saarka liinta waxayna si toos ah u saameeyaan wax-soo-saarka iyo tayada liinta.Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, xulashada sunta cayayaanka ee wax soo saarka cagaarka liinta ayaa aad u dhib badan cimilo aad u daran iyo cayayaanka iyo cawska.
Baadhitaan lagu sameeyay kaydka diiwaangalinta sunta cayayaanka ee Shabakadda Macluumaadka Cayayaanka ee Shiinaha ayaa lagu ogaaday in laga bilaabo Agoosto 24, 2023, ay jireen 3,243 badeecooyin sunta cayayaanka ah oo ka diiwaan gashan xaalad wax ku ool ah liinta gudaha Shiinaha.Waxay ahaayeen 1515sunta cayayaanka, oo u dhiganta 46.73% wadarta guud ee sunta cayayaanka diwaangashan.Waxaa jiray 684 acaricides, oo u dhiganta 21.09%;537 fungicides, oo u dhiganta 16.56%;475 herbicides, oo u dhiganta 14.65%;Waxay ahaayeen 132nidaamiya koritaanka dhirta, oo lagu qiyaaso 4.07%.Sumaynta sunta cayayaanka ee dalkeena waxa ay u qaybsantaa 5 heerar sare ilaa hoose: sun aad u badan, sun badan, sun dhexdhexaad ah, sun yar iyo sun fudud.Waxa jiray 541 badeecooyin sun ah oo dhexdhexaad ah, oo ka dhigan 16.68% wadarta sunta cayayaanka ee la diwaangeliyey.Waxa jiray 2,494 badeecooyin sun ah oo hooseeya, oo ka dhigan 76.90% wadarta tirada sunta cayayaanka ee diiwaangashan.Waxa jiray 208 badeecooyin khafiif ah oo sun ah, oo ka dhigan 6.41% wadarta guud ee sunta cayayaanka la diwaangeliyey.
1. Heerka diwaan galinta sunta cayayaanka liinta/acaricides
Waxaa jira 189 nooc oo ah maaddooyinka firfircoon ee sunta cayayaanka loo isticmaalo soosaarka liinta ee Shiinaha, kuwaas oo 69 ka mid ah ay yihiin maaddooyin firfircoon oo hal-qaad ah halka 120 ay yihiin walxo firfircoon oo isku dhafan.Tirada cayayaanka la diwaan galiyay aad ayay uga badan tahay qaybaha kale, oo wadartoodu ahayd 1,515.Waxaa ka mid ah, wadar ahaan 994 badeecooyin ah ayaa lagu diiwaangeliyay hal qiyaas, iyo 5-da ugu sarreeya ee sunta cayayaanka waxay ahaayeen acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), saliidda macdanta (53) iyo ethozole (51), xisaabinta 29.70 %.Wadarta 521 badeecooyin ayaa la isku daray, 5-ta ugu sarreeya ee sunta cayayaanka ee tirada la diiwaan galiyay waxay ahaayeen actinospirin (52 badeeco), actinospirin (35 badeecooyin), actinospirin (31 badeecooyin), actinospirin (31 badeecooyin) iyo dihydrazide (28 badeecooyin), xisaabinta 11.68%.Sida laga arki karo shaxda 2, oo ka mid ah 1515 badeecooyinka diiwaangashan, waxaa jira 19 foomamka qiyaasta ah, kuwaas oo 3 ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya ay yihiin alaabta emulsion (653), alaabta ganaaxa (518) iyo budada qoyan (169), xisaabinta wadar ahaan 88.45 %.
Waxaa jira 83 nooc oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon oo acaricides ah oo loo isticmaalo soosaarka liinta, oo ay ku jiraan 24 nooc oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon oo keli ah iyo 59 nooc oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon oo isku dhafan.Wadarta badeecadaha acaricidal ee 684 ayaa la diiwaangeliyay (labaad kaliya oo loo yaqaan cayayaanka), kuwaas oo 476 ka mid ah ay ahaayeen halbeegyo, sida ku cad Jadwalka 3. 4-da ugu sarreeya ee sunta cayayaanka ee tirada sunta cayayaanka ee diiwaangashan waa acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline. (63) iyo phenylbutin (26), oo xisaabiya 44.59% wadar ahaan.Wadarta 208 badeecooyin ayaa la isku daray, 4-ta ugu sarreeya ee sunta cayayaanka ee tirada la diwaangeliyay waxay ahaayeen aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · saliidda macdanta (15), iyo Aviculin · macdanta (13), oo u dhiganta 10.67 %.Ka mid ah 684 badeecooyinka diiwaangashan, waxaa jiray 11 foomamka qiyaasta, kuwaas oo 3 ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya ay ahaayeen alaabta emulsion (330), alaabta ganaaxa (198) iyo budada qoyan (124), xisaabinta 95.32% guud ahaan.
Noocyada iyo tirada halbeegyada cayayaanka cayayaanka/acaricidal (marka laga reebo wakiilka ganaaxa, microemulsion, emulsion hakinta iyo emulsion aqueous) ayaa ka badan kuwa isku dhafan.Waxa jiray 18 nooc oo hal-door ah iyo 9 nooc oo isku-dhafan.Waxaa jira 11 hal-dose iyo 5 nooc oo isku dhafan oo ah acaricides.Walxaha kantaroolka cayayaanka isku dhafan waa Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (caaro cas), caarada xameetida (carada miridhku, caarada miridhku), Whitefly ( Whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (aphid orange). , aphids), duqsi wax ku ool ah (Orange Macropha), aboor macdanta caleenta (macdanta caleenta), weevil (weel cawl) iyo cayayaanka kale.Walxaha ugu muhiimsan ee kantaroolka hal dose waa Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (caaro cas), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), duqsiyo wax ku ool ah (Tangeridae). .Iyo cayayaanka kale.Walxaha kantaroolka ee acaricides-ka diiwaangashan ayaa inta badan ah caarada phyllodidae (caaro cas), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), aboor macdanta caleenta ah (macdanta caleen), caarada caarada (caarada cas), aphid (aphids). ) iyo wixi la mida.Noocyada sunta cayayaanka ee diiwaangashan iyo acaricides waxay u badan yihiin sunta cayayaanka kiimikada, 60 iyo 21 nooc, siday u kala horreeyaan.Waxaa jiray kaliya 9 nooc oo ka yimid ilaha bayoolojiga iyo macdanta, oo ay ku jiraan neem (2) iyo matrine (3) oo ka yimid ilaha dhirta iyo xayawaanka, iyo Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) iyo avermectin (1). 103) laga soo bilaabo ilaha microbial.Ilaha macdanta waa saliidda macdanta (62), isku dar ah baaruud dhagax (7), iyo qaybaha kale waa sodium rosin (6).
2. Diiwangelinta fangaska liinta
Waxa jira 117 nooc oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon oo ka kooban alaabada fungicides, 61 nooc oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon oo keli ah iyo 56 nooc oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon oo isku dhafan.Waxa jiray 537 badeecooyin fungicides ah oo la xidhiidha, kuwaas oo 406 ka mid ahi ay ahaayeen hal qiyaas.4-ta ugu sareysa sunta cayayaanka diwaan gashan waxay ahaayeen imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) iyo copper king (19), oo u dhiganta 29.24% wadar ahaan.Wadarta 131 badeecooyin ayaa la isku daray, 4-ta ugu sarreysa ee sunta cayayaanka la diwaangeliyayna waa Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), iyo azole · imimine (7), oo u dhiganta 7.64% guud ahaan.Sida laga arki karo shaxda 2, waxaa jira 18 nooc oo qiyaas ah oo ah 537 alaabooyinka fungicides, kuwaas oo ka mid ah noocyada 3 ee ugu sarreeya ee tirada ugu badan ay yihiin budada qoyan (159), badeecada joojinta (148) iyo granule-biyo-baxsan (86), xisaabinta. 73.18% wadarta guud.Waxa jira 16 nooc oo hal qiyaas ah oo fungicides ah iyo 7 nooc oo qiyaas isku dhafan.
Walaxda xakamaynta fungicides waa caariyaysi budo ah, qolof, bar madow (xiddig madow), caaryada cawl, kaneecada, cudurka resin, kudka iyo cudurrada xilliga kaydinta (xididka qudhunka, qudhunka madow, penicillium, caaryada cagaaran iyo qudhunka aashitada).Fungicides-ku waxay u badan yihiin sunta cayayaanka kiimikaad, waxaa jira 41 nooc oo sunta cayayaanka synthetic kiimikaad ah, kaliya 19 nooc oo ilaha noolaha iyo macdanta ah ayaa la diiwaangeliyay, kuwaas oo dhirta iyo ilaha xayawaanka ay yihiin berberine (1), carvall (1), soosaar sopranoginseng (2). ), allicin (1), D-limonene (1).Ilaha microbial waxay ahaayeen mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1).Ilaha macdanta waa oxide koob (1), naxaas boqorka (19), isku dar ah baaruud dhagax (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), baaruud (6), saliid macdanta (4), copper sulfate aasaasiga ah (7), dareeraha Bordeaux (11).
3. Diwaan galinta dawooyinka liinta
Waxaa jira 20 nooc oo ah maaddooyinka waxtarka leh ee herbicide-ka, 14 nooc oo maaddooyin waxtar leh oo keli ah iyo 6 nooc oo maaddooyin waxtar leh oo isku dhafan.Wadarta 475 badeecooyinka ka hortagga dhirta ayaa la diiwaan geliyay, oo ay ku jiraan 467 wakiillo ah iyo 8 isku dhafan.Sida ku cad Jadwalka 5, 5-da ugu sarreeya ee dhirta dhirta ee diiwaangashan waxay ahaayeen glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) iyo glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), xisaabinta 94.95% wadarta guud.Sida laga arki karo shaxda 2, waxaa jira 7 nooc oo qiyaas ah oo ah herbicides, kuwaas oo 3 ka mid ah kuwa ugu horreeya ay yihiin wax soo saarka biyaha (302), alaabada granule ee milmay (78) iyo alaabada budada ah (69), xisaabinta 94.53% wadarta guud.Marka la eego noocyada, dhammaan 20-ka herbicides waxay ahaayeen kuwo kiimiko ah la sameeyay, wax bayooloji ahna lama diiwaangelin.
4. Diiwaangelinta nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka liinta
Waxaa jira 35 nooc oo maaddooyin firfircoon ah oo ka kooban xeeriyeyaasha koritaanka dhirta, oo ay ku jiraan 19 nooc oo ah wakiillada kelida ah iyo 16 nooc oo ah wakiilada isku dhafan.Guud ahaan waxaa jira 132 badeecooyin xakameynaya koritaanka dhirta, kuwaas oo 100 ka mid ah ay yihiin hal qiyaas.Sida ku cad Shaxda 6, 5-ta sare ee maamulayaasha koritaanka liinta ee diiwaangashan waxay ahaayeen gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) iyo S-inducidin (5), xisaabinta 59.85% wadarta guud. .Wadar 32 badeecooyin ah ayaa la isku daray, 3da badeecooyinka ee ugu sarreeya ee diiwaangashan waxay ahaayeen benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) iyo 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), oo u dhiganta 10.61% gudaha wadarta guud.Sida laga arki karo Shaxda 2, waxaa jira wadar ahaan 13 nooc oo qiyaas ah oo ka mid ah hababka koritaanka dhirta, kuwaas oo 3 ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya ay yihiin alaabooyinka la milmi karo (52), badeecooyinka kareemka (19) iyo alaabada budada ah (13), xisaabinta 63.64% guud ahaan.Shaqooyinka hagayaasha koritaanka dhirta ayaa inta badan ah in la xakameeyo korriinka, xakamaynta biqilka, ilaalinta miraha, kor u qaadista korriinka miraha, ballaarinta, midabaynta, kordhinta wax soo saarka iyo ilaalinta.Sida laga soo xigtay noocyada diiwaangashan, nidaaminta koritaanka dhirta ugu weyn waxay ahaayeen kiimiko kiimiko ah, oo leh wadar ahaan 14 nooc, iyo noocyada 5 oo kaliya ee ilaha noolaha, kuwaas oo ilaha microbial ay ahaayeen S-allantoin (5), iyo alaabta biochemical waxay ahaayeen gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) iyo brassinolactone (1).
4. Diiwaangelinta nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka liinta
Waxaa jira 35 nooc oo maaddooyin firfircoon ah oo ka kooban xeeriyeyaasha koritaanka dhirta, oo ay ku jiraan 19 nooc oo ah wakiillada kelida ah iyo 16 nooc oo ah wakiilada isku dhafan.Guud ahaan waxaa jira 132 badeecooyin xakameynaya koritaanka dhirta, kuwaas oo 100 ka mid ah ay yihiin hal qiyaas.Sida ku cad Shaxda 6, 5-ta sare ee maamulayaasha koritaanka liinta ee diiwaangashan waxay ahaayeen gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) iyo S-inducidin (5), xisaabinta 59.85% wadarta guud. .Wadar 32 badeecooyin ah ayaa la isku daray, 3da badeecooyinka ee ugu sarreeya ee diiwaangashan waxay ahaayeen benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) iyo 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), oo u dhiganta 10.61% gudaha wadarta guud.Sida laga arki karo Shaxda 2, waxaa jira wadar ahaan 13 nooc oo qiyaas ah oo ka mid ah hababka koritaanka dhirta, kuwaas oo 3 ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya ay yihiin alaabooyinka la milmi karo (52), badeecooyinka kareemka (19) iyo alaabada budada ah (13), xisaabinta 63.64% guud ahaan.Shaqooyinka hagayaasha koritaanka dhirta ayaa inta badan ah in la xakameeyo korriinka, xakamaynta biqilka, ilaalinta miraha, kor u qaadista korriinka miraha, ballaarinta, midabaynta, kordhinta wax soo saarka iyo ilaalinta.Sida laga soo xigtay noocyada diiwaangashan, nidaaminta koritaanka dhirta ugu weyn waxay ahaayeen kiimiko kiimiko ah, oo leh wadar ahaan 14 nooc, iyo noocyada 5 oo kaliya ee ilaha noolaha, kuwaas oo ilaha microbial ay ahaayeen S-allantoin (5), iyo alaabta biochemical waxay ahaayeen gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) iyo brassinolactone (1).
Waqtiga boostada: Jun-24-2024