Liin dhanaan, oo ah geed ka tirsan qoyska Arantioideae ee qoyska Rutaceae, waa mid ka mid ah dalagyada ugu muhiimsan adduunka ee lacagta caddaanka ah, taasoo ka dhigan rubuc ka mid ah wax soo saarka miraha adduunka oo dhan. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo liin dhanaan ah, oo ay ku jiraan liin dhanaan ballaaran, liin dhanaan, pomelo, canab, liin iyo liin. In ka badan 140 waddan iyo gobollo, oo ay ku jiraan Shiinaha, Brazil iyo Mareykanka, aagga beerashada liinta wuxuu gaaray 10.5530 milyan hm2, wax soo saarkuna wuxuu ahaa 166.3030 milyan oo tan. Shiinaha waa dalka ugu wax soo saarka iyo iibinta liinta ugu weyn adduunka, sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, aagga beerashada iyo wax soo saarku way sii kordhayaan, sanadka 2022, baaxadda qiyaastii 3,033,500 hm2, wax soo saarkuna wuxuu ahaa 6,039 milyan oo tan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warshadaha liinta ee Shiinaha waa weyn laakiin ma xoog badna, Mareykanka iyo Brazil iyo waddamada kaleba waxay leeyihiin farqi weyn.
Liin dhanaantu waa geed mirood leh aagga ugu ballaaran ee wax lagu beero iyo xaaladda dhaqaale ee ugu muhiimsan koonfurta Shiinaha, kaas oo muhiimad gaar ah u leh yaraynta saboolnimada warshadaha iyo dib u soo noolaynta miyiga. Iyadoo la horumarinayo ilaalinta deegaanka iyo wacyigelinta caafimaadka iyo horumarinta caalamiga ah iyo macluumaadka warshadaha liinta, liinta cagaaran iyo tan dabiiciga ah ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u noqonaysa meel kulul oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka dadka, baahida loo qabo sahay tayo sare leh, kala duwan oo sanadle ah oo dheellitiran ayaa sii kordheysa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, warshadaha liinta ee Shiinaha waxaa saameeya arrimo dabiici ah (heerkulka, roobka, tayada ciidda), tiknoolajiyada wax soo saarka (noocyada, tiknoolajiyada beerista, wax soo saarka beeraha) iyo habka maaraynta, iyo arrimo kale, waxaa jira dhibaatooyin sida noocyada wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun, awoodda daciifka ah ee looga hortago cudurrada iyo cayayaanka, wacyigelinta sumcadda ma aha mid xooggan, habka maaraynta waa dib u dhac iyo iibinta miraha xilliyeedka waa adag tahay. Si loo hormariyo horumarka cagaaran iyo tayada sare ee warshadaha liinta, waa lama huraan in la xoojiyo cilmi-baarista ku saabsan horumarinta noocyada kala duwan, mabda'a iyo tiknoolajiyada miisaanka oo yaraada iyo yareynta daroogada, hagaajinta tayada iyo hufnaanta. Cayayaanka ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara wareegga wax soo saarka liinta waxayna si toos ah u saameeyaan wax soo saarka iyo tayada liinta. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, xulashada sunta cayayaanka ee wax soo saarka cagaarka liinta ayaa aad u adag sababtoo ah cimilada xad dhaafka ah iyo cayayaanka iyo cawska.
Baaritaan lagu sameeyay keydka diiwaanka diiwaangelinta sunta cayayaanka ee Shabakadda Macluumaadka Sunta cayayaanka ee Shiinaha ayaa lagu ogaaday in laga bilaabo Agoosto 24, 2023, ay jireen 3,243 badeecooyin sunta cayayaanka ah oo laga diiwaan geliyay xaalad wax ku ool ah oo ku saabsan liinta Shiinaha. Waxaa jiray 1515sunta cayayaanka, oo ah 46.73% tirada guud ee sunta cayayaanka ee la diiwaan geliyay. Waxaa jiray 684 sunta cayayaanka, oo ah 21.09%; 537 sunta cayayaanka, oo ah 16.56%; 475 sunta cayayaanka, oo ah 14.65%; Waxaa jiray 132nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka dhirta, oo ah 4.07%. Sunta cayayaanka ee dalkeenna waxaa loo qaybiyaa 5 heer oo u dhexeeya sare ilaa hoose: sun aad u sun badan, sun badan, sun dhexdhexaad ah, sun yar iyo sun khafiif ah. Waxaa jiray 541 badeecooyin sun dhexdhexaad ah, oo ah 16.68% wadarta guud ee sunta cayayaanka ee la diiwaan geliyay. Waxaa jiray 2,494 badeecooyin sun yar, oo ah 76.90% tirada guud ee sunta cayayaanka ee la diiwaan geliyay. Waxaa jiray 208 badeecooyin sun yar ah, oo ah 6.41% tirada guud ee sunta cayayaanka ee la diiwaan geliyay.
1. Xaaladda diiwaangelinta sunta cayayaanka/acaricides-ka liinta
Waxaa jira 189 nooc oo ah maaddooyinka firfircoon ee cayayaanka dila ee loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka liinta ee Shiinaha, kuwaas oo 69 ka mid ah ay yihiin walxo firfircoon oo hal qiyaas ah iyo 120 ay yihiin walxo firfircoon oo isku dhafan. Tirada cayayaanka dila ayaa aad uga sarreysay qaybaha kale, wadarta guud waa 1,515. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, wadarta guud ee 994 badeecooyin ayaa lagu diiwaan geliyay hal qiyaas, 5ta ugu sarreysa ee cayayaanka dila waxay ahaayeen acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), saliidda macdanta (53) iyo ethozole (51), oo ah 29.70%. Wadarta guud ee 521 badeecooyin ayaa la isku daray, 5ta ugu sarreysa ee cayayaanka dila ee tirada diiwaangashanna waxay ahaayeen actinospirin (52 badeecooyin), actinospirin (35 badeecooyin), actinospirin (31 badeecooyin), actinospirin (31 badeecooyin) iyo dihydrazide (28 badeecooyin), oo ah 11.68%. Sida laga arki karo Shaxda 2, oo ka mid ah 1515-ka alaab ee diiwaangashan, waxaa jira 19 nooc oo qiyaas ah, kuwaas oo 3-da ugu sarreeya ay yihiin alaabada emulsion-ka (653), alaabada joojinta (518) iyo budada qoyan (169), taasoo wadarta guud ka dhigaysa 88.45%.
Waxaa jira 83 nooc oo ah maaddooyinka firfircoon ee acaricides-ka loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka liinta, oo ay ku jiraan 24 nooc oo ah maaddooyinka firfircoon ee hal-abuurka leh iyo 59 nooc oo ah maaddooyinka firfircoon ee isku dhafan. Wadarta guud ee 684 alaabada acaricides-ka ah ayaa la diiwaangeliyey (labaad oo keliya sunta cayayaanka), kuwaas oo 476 ka mid ah ay ahaayeen walxo keliya, sida ku cad Shaxda 3. 4ta sunta cayayaanka ugu sarreeya tirada sunta cayayaanka ee diiwaangashan waxay ahaayeen acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) iyo phenylbutin (26), oo wadarta guud ay tahay 44.59%. Wadarta guud ee 208 badeecooyin ayaa la isku daray, 4ta sunta cayayaanka ugu sarreeya ee tirada diiwaangashanna waxay ahaayeen aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · saliidda macdanta (15), iyo Aviculin · saliidda macdanta (13), oo ah 10.67%. 684-ta badeecood ee la diiwaan geliyay, waxaa jiray 11 nooc oo qiyaas ah, kuwaas oo 3-da ugu sarreeya ay ahaayeen badeecooyinka emulsion-ka (330), badeecooyinka joojinta (198) iyo budooyinka qoyan (124), taasoo wadarta guud ka dhigaysa 95.32%.
Noocyada iyo tirada qaacidooyinka hal-qiyaas ee dilaaga cayayaanka/acaricidal-ka (marka laga reebo wakiilka la hakiyey, microemulsion, emulsion la hakiyey iyo emulsion-ka biyaha) waxay ahaayeen kuwo ka badan kuwa isku dhafan. Waxaa jiray 18 nooc oo qaacidooyin hal-qiyaas ah iyo 9 nooc oo qaacidooyin isku dhafan. Waxaa jira 11 qiyaas hal-qiyaas ah iyo 5 qaab oo qiyaas isku dhafan oo acaricides ah. Waxyaabaha xakamaynta ee cayayaan-dilaha isku dhafan waa Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (caarada cas), caarada xameetida (shilinta miridhku, caaro miridhku), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly white, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (oranji aphid, aphids), duqsi wax ku ool ah (Orange Macropha), aboor macdan qode caleen (macdan qode caleen), weevil (weevil cawlan) iyo cayayaan kale. Waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee lagu xakameeyo hal qiyaas waa Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (caarada cas), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Ceratidae Cas), Aphididae (Aphids), duqsiyada wax ku oolka ah (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), macdan qodayaasha caleenta (caleenta), caleen-cawlan (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), iyo Longicidae (Longicidae). Iyo cayayaanka kale. Walxaha xakamaynta ee acaricides-ka diiwaangashan badanaa waa caarada phyllodidae (caarada cas), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Cerococcus Cas), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), aboor-macdan caleenta (macdan qodayaasha caleenta), Pall cater (cinjirka miridhku), aphid (aphids) iyo wixii la mid ah. Noocyada sunta cayayaanka ee diiwaangashan iyo sunta cayayaanka ee acaricides-ka waxaa inta badan ka mid ah sunta cayayaanka kiimikada, 60 iyo 21 nooc, siday u kala horreeyaan. Waxaa jiray 9 nooc oo keliya oo ka yimid ilo bayooloji iyo macdan, oo ay ku jiraan neem (2) iyo matrine (3) oo ka yimid ilo dhir iyo xayawaan, iyo Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) iyo avermectin (103) oo ka yimid ilo bakteeriya. Ilaha macdanta waa saliidda macdanta (62), isku darka sulfur dhagax (7), iyo qaybaha kale waa sodium rosin (6).
2. Diiwaangelinta fungicides-ka liinta
Waxaa jira 117 nooc oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon oo ka mid ah badeecooyinka fungicidal, 61 nooc oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon oo keliya iyo 56 nooc oo ah maaddooyin firfircoon oo isku dhafan. Waxaa jiray 537 nooc oo ah badeecooyin fungicidal oo la xiriira, kuwaas oo 406 ka mid ah ay ahaayeen hal qiyaasood. 4ta ugu sarreysa ee sunta cayayaanka ee diiwaangashan waxay ahaayeen imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) iyo copper king (19), kuwaas oo wadarta guud ay tahay 29.24%. Wadarta guud ee 131 badeecooyin ayaa la isku daray, 4ta ugu sarreysa ee sunta cayayaanka ee la diiwaan geliyayna waxay ahaayeen Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), iyo azole · imimine (7), oo wadarta guud ay tahay 7.64%. Sida laga arki karo Shaxda 2, waxaa jira 18 nooc oo qiyaas ah oo ah 537 badeecooyin fungicidal ah, kuwaas oo 3da nooc ee ugu sarreeya ee tirada ugu badan ay yihiin budada qoyan (159), badeecada joojinta (148) iyo granule-ka biyaha lagu kala firdhiyey (86), oo wadarta guud ka ah 73.18%. Waxaa jira 16 nooc oo hal qiyaas ah oo ah fungicidal iyo 7 nooc oo qiyaas isku dhafan ah.
Waxyaabaha lagu xakameeyo fungicides-ka waa caariyaysi budada ah, qolof, dhibic madow (xiddig madow), caaryada cawlan, canker, cudurka resin, cudurka anthrax iyo cudurrada muddada kaydinta (qurunka xididka, qudhunka madow, penicillium, caaryada cagaaran iyo qudhunka aashitada). Fangaska-dilaha ayaa inta badan ah sunta cayayaanka kiimikada, waxaa jira 41 nooc oo sunta kiimikada ah ee la sameeyay, waxaana la diiwaan geliyay 19 nooc oo ilo bayooloji iyo macdan ah, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin ilaha dhirta iyo xayawaanka berberine (1), carvall (1), soo saarista sopranoginseng (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Ilaha microbial-ka waxay ahaayeen mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Ilaha macdanta waa cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), isku darka sulfur dhagax ah (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), saliidda macdanta (4), copper sulfate aasaasiga ah (7), dareeraha Bordeaux (11).
3. Diiwaangelinta geedaha liinta lagu buufiyo
Waxaa jira 20 nooc oo ah maaddooyin waxtar u leh sunta cayayaanka, 14 nooc oo maaddooyin hal-abuur leh iyo 6 nooc oo maaddooyin isku dhafan oo waxtar leh. Wadarta guud ee 475 wax soo saar sunta cayayaanka ayaa la diiwaangeliyey, oo ay ku jiraan 467 walxo oo keliya iyo 8 walxo isku dhafan. Sida ku cad Shaxda 5, 5ta daawo ee ugu sarreeya ee la diiwaangeliyey sunta cayayaanka waxay ahaayeen glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) iyo glyphosate ammonium ammonium (6), taasoo wadarta guud ka dhigaysa 94.95%. Sida laga arki karo Shaxda 2, waxaa jira 7 nooc oo qiyaas ah oo sunta cayayaanka cayayaanka ah, kuwaas oo 3-da ugu horreeya ay yihiin wax soo saarka biyaha (302), wax soo saarka granule-ka milma (78) iyo wax soo saarka budada milma (69), oo wadarta guud ka dhigaya 94.53%. Marka la eego noocyada, dhammaan 20-ka sunta cayayaanka dhirta ah waxaa lagu sameeyay kiimiko ahaan, mana jirin wax soo saar bayooloji ah oo la diiwaangeliyey.
4. Diiwaangelinta hay'adaha nidaamiya koritaanka liinta
Waxaa jira 35 nooc oo ah walxo firfircoon oo ka mid ah nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka dhirta, oo ay ku jiraan 19 nooc oo wakiillo keli ah iyo 16 nooc oo wakiillo isku dhafan ah. Waxaa jira 132 alaab oo nidaamiya koritaanka dhirta guud ahaan, kuwaas oo 100 ka mid ah ay yihiin hal qiyaas. Sida ku cad Shaxda 6, 5ta qalab ee ugu sarreeya ee nidaamiya koritaanka liinta ee diiwaangashan waxay ahaayeen gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) iyo S-inducidin (5), kuwaas oo wadarta guud ka ah 59.85%. Wadarta guud ee 32 alaab ayaa la isku daray, 3da alaab ee ugu sarreeya ee diiwaangashanna waxay ahaayeen benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) iyo 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), oo wadarta guud ka ah 10.61%. Sida laga arki karo Shaxda 2, waxaa jira wadarta 13 nooc oo qiyaas ah oo ah nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka dhirta, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin 3da ugu sarreeya waa alaabada milmi karta (52), alaabada kareemka (19) iyo alaabada budada milmi karta (13), oo wadarta guud ka ah 63.64%. Hawlaha nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka dhirta ayaa inta badan ah inay nidaamiyaan koritaanka, xakameeyaan toogashada, ilaaliyaan miraha, kor u qaadaan koritaanka miraha, ballaarinta, midabaynta, kordhinta wax soo saarka iyo ilaalinta. Sida laga soo xigtay noocyada la diiwaan geliyay, nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka dhirta ugu muhiimsan waxay ahaayeen isku-darka kiimikada, oo leh wadarta guud ee 14 nooc, iyo 5 nooc oo keliya oo ilo bayooloji ah, oo ay ku jiraan ilaha microbial-ka ee S-allantoin (5), iyo alaabada bayoolojiga waxay ahaayeen gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) iyo brassinolactone (1).
4. Diiwaangelinta hay'adaha nidaamiya koritaanka liinta
Waxaa jira 35 nooc oo ah walxo firfircoon oo ka mid ah nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka dhirta, oo ay ku jiraan 19 nooc oo wakiillo keli ah iyo 16 nooc oo wakiillo isku dhafan ah. Waxaa jira 132 alaab oo nidaamiya koritaanka dhirta guud ahaan, kuwaas oo 100 ka mid ah ay yihiin hal qiyaas. Sida ku cad Shaxda 6, 5ta qalab ee ugu sarreeya ee nidaamiya koritaanka liinta ee diiwaangashan waxay ahaayeen gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) iyo S-inducidin (5), kuwaas oo wadarta guud ka ah 59.85%. Wadarta guud ee 32 alaab ayaa la isku daray, 3da alaab ee ugu sarreeya ee diiwaangashanna waxay ahaayeen benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) iyo 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), oo wadarta guud ka ah 10.61%. Sida laga arki karo Shaxda 2, waxaa jira wadarta 13 nooc oo qiyaas ah oo ah nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka dhirta, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin 3da ugu sarreeya waa alaabada milmi karta (52), alaabada kareemka (19) iyo alaabada budada milmi karta (13), oo wadarta guud ka ah 63.64%. Hawlaha nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka dhirta ayaa inta badan ah inay nidaamiyaan koritaanka, xakameeyaan toogashada, ilaaliyaan miraha, kor u qaadaan koritaanka miraha, ballaarinta, midabaynta, kordhinta wax soo saarka iyo ilaalinta. Sida laga soo xigtay noocyada la diiwaan geliyay, nidaamiyayaasha koritaanka dhirta ugu muhiimsan waxay ahaayeen isku-darka kiimikada, oo leh wadarta guud ee 14 nooc, iyo 5 nooc oo keliya oo ilo bayooloji ah, oo ay ku jiraan ilaha microbial-ka ee S-allantoin (5), iyo alaabada bayoolojiga waxay ahaayeen gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) iyo brassinolactone (1).
Waqtiga boostada: Juun-24-2024