Karl Dirks, oo dhul dhan 1,000 acres ka beeray Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, ayaa maqlayay qiimaha kor u kaca ee glyphosate iyo glufosinate, laakiin ma uusan ka walwalin arrintan. Wuxuu yiri: "Waxaan u maleynayaa in qiimuhu uu is hagaajin doono. Qiimaha sare wuxuu u muuqdaa inuu sare u kaco. Aad uma walwalsani. Waxaan ka tirsanahay kooxda dadka aan wali walwalsanayn, laakiin xoogaa taxaddar leh. Waxaan ogaan doonnaa hab."
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Chip Bowling, oo beeray 275 acres oo galley ah iyo 1,250 acres oo soybean ah oo ku yaal Newberg, Maryland, ma ahan mid rajo wanaagsan leh. Dhawaan wuxuu isku dayay inuu glyphosate ka dalbado R&D Cross, oo ah qaybiye abuurka iyo wax soo saarka maxalliga ah, laakiin qaybiyaha ma uusan awoodin inuu bixiyo qiimo gaar ah ama taariikhda keenista. Sida laga soo xigtay Bowling, xeebta bari, waxay heleen goosasho aad u badan (dhowr sano oo isku xigta). Laakiin dhowrkii sanoba mar, waxaa jiri doona sannado leh wax soo saar aad u dhexdhexaad ah. Haddii xagaaga soo socda uu kulul yahay oo qalalan yahay, waxay noqon kartaa dhaawac ba'an oo soo gaara beeraleyda qaar.
Qiimaha glyphosate iyo glufosinate (Liberty) ayaa dhaafay heerkii ugu sarreeyay ee taariikhiga ahaa sababtoo ah sii socoshada yaraanta sahayda mana jiro wax horumar ah oo la filayo ka hor gu'ga soo socda.
Sida laga soo xigtay Dwight Lingenfelter, oo ah khabiir ku takhasusay haramaha oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Penn State, waxaa jira arrimo badan oo arrintan sabab u ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhibaatooyinka silsiladda sahayda ee sii socda ee uu sababay cudurka cusub ee sambabada ee taajka, awood la'aanta in la qodo dhagaxa fosfate ee ku filan si loo sameeyo glyphosate, arrimaha konteenarrada iyo kaydinta, iyo sidoo kale xiritaanka iyo dib u furista warshad weyn oo Bayer CropScience ah oo ku taal Louisiana sababo la xiriira Duufaanta Ida.
Lingenfelter wuxuu aaminsan yahay: "Tani waxaa sababa isku-dhafka arrimo kala duwan xilligan." Wuxuu sheegay in glyphosate-ka guud ee loo isticmaalo $12.50 gallonkiiba sannadkii 2020 uu hadda dalbanayo $35 ilaa $40. Glufosinate-ammonium, oo laga heli jiray US$33 ilaa US$34 gallonkiiba waqtigaas, hadda wuxuu codsanayaa ilaa US$80. Haddii aad nasiib u leedahay inaad dalbato daawooyin cayayaan dilaha ah, diyaar u noqo inaad sugto.
"Dadka qaar ayaa u maleynaya in haddii dalabku dhab ahaantii imaan karo, laga yaabo inaysan imaan ilaa Juun sanadka soo socda ama dabayaaqada xagaaga. Marka laga eego dhinaca dilka haramaha, tani waa dhibaato. Waxaan u maleynayaa in tani ay tahay halka aan hadda joogno. Xaaladaha, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si buuxda looga fiirsado waxa la qaban karo si loo badbaadiyo alaabada," ayuu yiri Lingenfelter. Yaraanta "cows laba-geesood ah" waxay horseedi kartaa saameynta dammaanadda ah ee yaraanta 2,4-D ama clethodim. Clethodim waa doorasho lagu kalsoonaan karo oo loogu talagalay xakamaynta cawska.
Sahayda alaabada glyphosate waxay ka buuxdaa hubanti la'aan
Ed Snyder oo ka tirsan Adeegga Dalagga ee Snyder ee Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, ayaa sheegay in uusan aaminsanayn in shirkaddiisu ay yeelan doonto glyphosate gu'ga soo socda.
Snyder wuxuu yiri sidan ayuu macaamiishiisa ugu sheegay. Ma aysan bixin karin taariikh la qiyaasay. Ma ballan qaadi karo inta badeecooyin ah ee aad heli karto. Waxa kale oo uu sheegay in iyada oo aan la helin glyphosate, macaamiishiisu ay u wareegi karaan daawooyinka kale ee caadiga ah ee geedaha lagu buufiyo, sida Gramoxone (paraquat). Warka wanaagsani waa in isku-darka summadaysan ee ay ku jiraan glyphosate, sida Halex GT ee soo-baxa kadib, wali si ballaaran ayaa loo heli karaa.
Shawn Miller oo ka tirsan Melvin Weaver and Sons ayaa sheegay in qiimaha dawooyinka cayayaan dilaha ah uu aad u kordhay. Wuxuu macaamiisha kala hadlayay qiimaha ugu sarreeya ee ay diyaar u yihiin inay ku bixiyaan badeecada iyo sida loo kordhiyo qiimaha cayayaan dilaha gallon kasta marka ay helaan qiimaha alaabta.
Miller xitaa ma aqbali doono dalabaadka sanadka 2022, sababtoo ah dhammaan badeecadaha waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa meesha la raro, taas oo aad uga duwan xaaladdii hore ee qiimaha hore loo sii iibin karay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wali wuxuu aaminsan yahay in marka gu'gu yimaado, alaabtu ay soo muuqan doonto, wuxuuna baryayaa inay sidan noqoto. Wuxuu yiri: "Ma dejin karno qiimo sababtoo ah ma garanayno meesha qiimaha uu ku yaal. Qof walba wuu ka walaacsan yahay."
Khubaradu si yar ayay u isticmaalaan geedaha lagu buufiyo geedaha
Beeralayda nasiibka u leh inay helaan wax soo saar ka hor guga hore, Lingenfelter wuxuu soo jeedinayaa inay ka fiirsadaan sida loo keydiyo alaabta ama ay isku dayaan siyaabo kale oo ay ku kharash gareeyaan guga hore. Wuxuu sheegay in halkii laga isticmaali lahaa 32-wiqiyadood oo Roundup Powermax ah, ay ka wanaagsan tahay in la yareeyo ilaa 22 wiqiyadood. Intaa waxaa dheer, haddii sahaydu xaddidan tahay, waa in la qabtaa waqtiga buufinta - ha ahaato dil ama buufin dalagyada.
Ka tagista noocyada soybean-ka ee 30-inji ah oo loo beddelo noocyo 15-inji ah waxay ka dhigi kartaa dahaarka mid qaro weyn oo la tartanta haramaha. Dabcan, diyaarinta dhulka mararka qaarkood waa ikhtiyaar, laakiin ka hor intaas, waxaa loo baahan yahay in la tixgeliyo cilladaheeda: kororka kharashka shidaalka, luminta ciidda, iyo burburinta muddada dheer ee aan beerashada lahayn.
Lingenfelter wuxuu sheegay in baaritaanku sidoo kale muhiim yahay, sida xakamaynta filashooyinka goobta oo asal ahaan nadiif ah.
"Sannadka soo socda ama laba, waxaa laga yaabaa inaan aragno beero haramaha badan," ayuu yiri. "Qaar ka mid ah haramaha, u diyaar garow inaad aqbasho in heerka xakamaynta uu yahay qiyaastii 70% halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa 90% kii hore."
Laakiin fikraddani waxay sidoo kale leedahay cillado. Lingenfelter wuxuu sheegay in haramaha badan ay la macno tahay wax soo saar hooseeya iyo haramaha dhibka leh ay adkaan doonto in la xakameeyo. Marka la macaamilayo canabka amaranth iyo amaranth, heerka xakamaynta haramaha 75% kuma filna. Quinoa-da shamrock ama xididka cas, heerka xakamaynta 75% ayaa ku filnaan kara. Nooca haramaha ayaa go'aamin doona heerka xakamaynta dabacsan ee iyaga.
Gary Snyder oo ka tirsan Nutrien, oo la shaqeeya ilaa 150 beeraley ah oo ku nool koonfur-bari Pennsylvania, ayaa sheegay in iyadoon loo eegin nooca sunta cayayaanka ah ee soo gaara, ha ahaato glyphosate ama glufosinate, la siin doono raashin oo si taxaddar leh loo isticmaali doono.
Wuxuu sheegay in beeralaydu ay tahay inay ballaariyaan xulashadooda geedaha lagu buufiyo guga soo socda oo ay dhammaystiraan qorshayaasha sida ugu dhakhsaha badan si looga fogaado in haramaha ay noqdaan dhibaato weyn inta lagu jiro beerista. Wuxuu kula talinayaa beeralayda aan weli dooran isku-dhafka galleyda inay iibsadaan abuurka xulashada hidde-sidaha ugu fiican si loo xakameeyo haramaha dambe.
"Dhibaatada ugu weyn waa iniinaha saxda ah. Buufi sida ugu dhakhsaha badan. Fiiro gaar ah u yeelo haramaha ku jira dalagga. Badeecadaha soo baxay 1990-meeyadii wali way kaydsan yihiin, waana la samayn karaa. Dhammaan hababka waa in la tixgeliyaa," ayuu yiri Snyder.
Bowling wuxuu sheegay inuu sii wadi doono dhammaan xulashooyinka. Haddii qiimaha wax soo saarka, oo ay ku jiraan sunta cayayaanka disha, ay sii socdaan oo qiimaha dalagga uu ku guuldareysto inuu sii socdo, wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu beero badan u beddelo soybean, sababtoo ah soybeanku way ka jaban yihiin in la beero. Waxa kale oo uu beddeli karaa beero badan si uu u beero cawska calafka.
Lingenfelter wuxuu rajeynayaa in beeralaydu aysan sugi doonin ilaa jiilaalka dambe ama gu'ga si ay u bilaabaan inay fiiro gaar ah u yeeshaan arrintan. Wuxuu yiri: "Waxaan rajeynayaa in qof walba uu arrintan si dhab ah u qaadan doono. Waxaan ka walwalsanahay in dad badan ay ka baqayaan markaas. Waxay u maleynayaan in bisha Maarso ee sanadka soo socda, ay dalban doonaan ganacsadaha oo ay awoodi doonaan inay guriga geeyaan gaari xamuul ah oo ah sunta cayayaanka ama sunta cayayaanka isla maalintaas. . Markii aan ka fikiray, waxaa laga yaabaa inay indhahooda rogrogeen."
Waqtiga boostada: Diseembar-15-2021