Biopesticides waa mid ka mid ah aaladaha muhiimka ah ee lagu hirgelinayo "Istaraatiijiyada Nidaamka Cunnada Cagaaran" ee Japan. Warqadani waxay qeexaysaa qeexida iyo qaybta biopesticides ee Japan, waxayna kala saartaa diiwaan gelinta biopesticides ee Japan, si loo bixiyo tixraaca horumarinta iyo codsiga biopesticides ee wadamada kale.
Sababtoo ah bedka dhul-beereed ee la heli karo ee Japan oo xaddidan awgeed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la mariyo sunta cayayaanka iyo bacriminta si loo kordhiyo wax-soo-saarka dalagga aag kasta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, adeegsiga tiro badan oo sunta cayayaanka ah ee kiimikadu waxay kordhisay culayska deegaanka, waxaana si gaar ah muhiim u ah in la ilaaliyo ciidda, biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, dhulka miyiga iyo sugnaanta cuntada si loo gaadho horumar waara oo beeralayda iyo deegaanka ah. Iyada oo hadhaaga sunta cayayaanka ee dalaggu ay sareeyso taasoo horseedaysa kiisaska sii kordhaya ee cudurrada dadweynaha, beeralayda iyo dadweynuhu waxay u muuqdaan inay isticmaalaan biopesticides badbaado leh oo deegaanka u wanaagsan.
Si la mid ah hindisaha beer-ilaa-fog ee Yurub, dawladda Jabbaan bishii Maajo 2021 waxay soo saartay "Xeeladda Nidaamka Cunnada Cagaaran" taasoo ujeeddadeedu tahay in la yareeyo isticmaalka khatarta leh ee sunta cayayaanka kiimikada 50% marka la gaaro 2050 lana kordhiyo aagga beerashada organic ilaa 1 milyan hm2 (oo u dhiganta 25% dhulka beeraha Japan). Istaraatiijiyadu waxay doonaysaa in ay kor u qaaddo wax soo saarka iyo joogtaynta cuntada, beeraha, kaymaha iyo kalluumaysiga iyada oo loo marayo tallaabooyin dib-u-celin cusub (MeaDRI), oo ay ku jiraan maaraynta cayayaanka ee isku dhafan, hababka codsiga oo la hagaajiyay iyo horumarinta beddelaad cusub. Waxaa ka mid ah, tan ugu muhiimsan waa horumarinta, codsiga iyo kor u qaadida maaraynta cayayaanka isku dhafan (IPM), iyo biopesticides waa mid ka mid ah qalabka muhiimka ah.
1. Qeexida iyo qaybta dawooyinka biopesticide-ka ee Japan
Biopesticides waxay qaraabo la yihiin sunta cayayaanka kiimikaad ama synthetic, waxayna guud ahaan tixraacaan sunta cayayaanka ilaa xad badbaado leh ama saaxiib la ah dadka, deegaanka iyo deegaanka iyadoo la isticmaalayo ama ku salaysan ilaha noolaha. Sida laga soo xigtay isha maaddooyinka firfircoon, biopesticides waxaa loo qaybin karaa qaybaha soo socda: marka hore, sunta cayayaanka isha microbial, oo ay ku jiraan bakteeriyada, fungi, fayrasyada iyo xayawaanka asalka ah ee noolaha (genetically modified) noolaha noolaha microbial iyo metabolite qarsoon ay; Midda labaad waa sunta cayayaanka isha laga keeno, oo ay ku jiraan dhirta nool iyo kuwa laga soosaaray, wakiilada difaaca ee dhirta ku dhex jira (dalagga hiddo-wadaha la beddelay); Seddexaad, sunta cayayaanka asal ahaan ka soo jeeda xayawaanka, oo ay ku jiraan nematodes noolaha entomopathetic, dulin iyo xayawaanka ugaadha ah iyo xayawaanka laga soosaaray (sida pheromones). Maraykanka iyo wadamada kale waxay sidoo kale u kala saaraan sunta cayayaanka ilaha macdanta dabiiciga ah sida saliida macdanta sida biopesticides.
Japan SEIJ waxay u kala saartaa biopesticides-ka noolaha sunta cayayaanka ah ee noolaha iyo walxaha biogenic sunta cayayaanka, waxayna u kala soocaan pheromones, dheef-shiid kiimikaad microbial ah ( antibiyootiga beeraha), soosaarta dhirta, sunta cayayaanka macdanta laga soo qaatay, xayawaanka xayawaanka (sida venom arthropod), nanoantibodies, iyo walxaha difaaca dhirta sida bistik. Xiriirka Iskaashatooyinka Beeraha ee Japan wuxuu u kala saarayaa biopesticides-ka Jabbaan ee arthropods cadawga dabiiciga ah, nematodes cadawga dabiiciga ah, microorganisms iyo walxaha noolaha, wuxuuna u kala saaraa Bacillus thuringiensis aan dhaq-dhaqaaqin sida microorganisms wuxuuna ka saarayaa antibiyootiga beeraha qaybta biopesticides. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maaraynta dhabta ah ee sunta cayayaanka, biopesticides Japanese waxaa si ciriiri ah loo qeexay sida cayayaanka noolaha noolaha, taas oo ah, "wakiilada xakamaynta noolaha sida microorganisms ka soo horjeeda, bakteeriyada pathogenic microorganisms, cayayaanka pathogenic microorganisms, nematodes cayayaanka dulin, arthropods parasitic iyo ugaadhsiga loo isticmaalo xakamaynta cayayaanka". Si kale haddii loo dhigo, biopesticides Japanese waa sunta cayayaanka ee ka ganacsada noolaha noolaha sida microorganisms, nematodes entomopathetic iyo noolaha cadawga dabiiciga ah sida maaddooyinka firfircoon, halka noocyada iyo noocyada walxaha ilaha noolaha ee ka diiwaangashan Japan aysan ka tirsanayn qaybta biopesticides. Intaa waxaa dheer, sida laga soo xigtay Japan ee "Tallaabooyinka Daaweynta Natiijooyinka Qiimaynta Badbaadada imtixaanada la xiriira codsiga Diiwaangelinta ee cayayaanka microbial", microorganisms genetically modified iyo dhirta ma hoos maamulka cayayaanka noolaha ee Japan. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, Wasaaradda Beeraha, Dhirta iyo Kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale bilawday habka dib-u-qiimeynta biopesticides waxayna soo saartay heerar cusub oo loogu talagalay diiwaan-gelin la'aanta biopesticides si loo yareeyo suurtagalnimada in codsiga iyo faafitaanka biopesticides ay sababi karaan dhaawac weyn oo ku yimaada deegaanka ama koritaanka xoolaha iyo dhirta ee deegaanka nool.
Liiska cusub ee wax-soo-saarka beeritaanka dabiiciga ah ee ay soo saartay Wasaaradda Beeraha, Dhirta iyo Kalluumaysiga ee Japan sanadka 2022 waxa uu daboolayaa dhammaan dawooyinka noolaha iyo qaar ka mid ah sunta cayayaanka ee asal ahaan bayooloji. Daawooyinka biopesticides-ka Jabbaan waa laga dhaafay samaynta Qaadashada Maalinlaha ah ee La Ogolyahay (ADI) iyo xadka ugu badan ee hadhaaga (MRL), kuwaas oo labadaba loo isticmaali karo soosaarka wax soo saarka beeraha iyada oo la raacayo Heerka Beeraha Dabiiciga ah ee Jabbaan (JAS).
2. Dulmarka diiwaan gelinta sunta cayayaanka noolaha ee Japan
Maadaama uu yahay waddan hormuud u ah horumarinta iyo adeegsiga dawooyinka-biopesticides, Japan waxay leedahay nidaam maareyn diiwaangelin sunta cayayaanka ah oo dhammaystiran iyo noocyo kala duwan oo qani ah oo diwaangelinta biopesticides ah. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka qoraaga, laga bilaabo 2023, waxaa jira 99 diyaarinta sunta cayayaanka noolaha ee ka diiwaangashan oo wax ku ool ah Japan, oo ku lug leh 47 maaddooyinka firfircoon, oo xisaabiya ilaa 8.5% wadarta maaddooyinka firfircoon ee sunta cayayaanka diiwaangashan. Waxaa ka mid ah, 35 maaddooyin ayaa loo isticmaalaa sunta cayayaanka (oo ay ku jiraan 2 nematocides), 12 maaddooyin ayaa loo isticmaalaa jeermiska, mana jiraan wax herbicides ah ama isticmaal kale (Jaantuska 1). Inkasta oo pheromones aysan ka tirsanayn qaybta biopesticides ee Japan, badanaa waa la dallacsiiyay waxaana lagu dabaqaa biopesticides sida wax-soo-saarka beeritaanka organic.
2.1 Sunta noolaha ee cadawga dabiiciga ah
Waxaa jira 22 maaddooyinka firfircoon ee cadawga dabiiciga ah ee biopesticides ee ka diiwaan gashan Japan, kuwaas oo loo qaybin karo cayayaanka dulin, cayayaanka ugaadhsiga ah iyo caarada ugaadhsiga iyadoo loo eegayo noocyada noolaha iyo qaabka ficilka. Waxaa ka mid ah, cayayaanka ugaadhsiga ah iyo caarada ugaadhsiga ah ee ugaadhsada cayayaannada waxyeelada leh si ay cunto u helaan, iyo cayayaannada dulinku waxay ukun ku dhex dhigaan cayayaanka dulin iyo dirxigooda soo dillaacay waxay quudiyaan qofka martida loo yahay oo ay horumariyaan si ay u dilaan guriga. Cayayaanka hymenoptera dulin, sida shinni aphid, aphid shinni, aphid shinni, aphid shinni, aphid shinni, hemiptera shinni iyo Mylostomus japonicus, ka diiwaan gashan Japan, inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo aphids, duqsi iyo whiteflies on khudaarta lagu beeray aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, iyo chrysogdy bups ugaadhsiga ugu weyn ee loo isticmaalo. xakamaynta aphids, thrips iyo whiteflies ee khudaarta lagu beeray aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo. Cayayaanka ugaadhsiga ah ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta caarada cas, caarada caleenta, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips iyo whitefly ee khudaarta, ubaxa, geedaha miraha, digirta iyo baradhada lagu beero aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, iyo sidoo kale khudaarta, geedaha miraha iyo shaaha lagu beeray beeraha. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Diiwaangelinta cadawga dabiiciga ah sida O. sauteri lama cusboonaysiin.
2.2 sunta cayayaanka ee microbial
Waxaa jira 23 nooc oo ah sunta cayayaanka firfircoonida ah ee ka diiwaan gashan Japan, kuwaas oo loo qaybin karo cayayaanka fayraska / fungicides, bakteeriyada cayayaanka / fungicides iyo cayayaanka fungal / fungicides iyadoo loo eegayo noocyada iyo isticmaalka noolaha. Waxaa ka mid ah, sunta cayayaanka yaryar waxay dilaan ama xakameeyaan cayayaanka iyaga oo faafiya, taran oo qarsoodiya sunta. Fungicides-ka microbial-ku waxay xakameeyaan bakteeriyada pathogenic iyada oo loo marayo tartanka gumeysiga, dheecaanka antimicrobials ama dheef-shiid kiimikaad sare, iyo kicinta caabbinta dhirta [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, Fusarium oxysporum aan pathogenic ahayn iyo fayraska mottle mottle ee fudud ayaa yareeyay cadaadiska, iyo diiwaangelinta cayayaanka microbial sida Xanestrexuvs. lama cusboonaysiin.
2.2.1 Cayayaanka microbial
Cayayaanka fayraska polyhedroid ee granular iyo nukliyeerka ee ka diiwaan gashan Japan ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo cayayaanka gaarka ah sida giraanta tufaaxa, giraanta shaaha iyo gooryaanka caleen dheer ee shaaha, iyo sidoo kale Streptococcus aureus ee dalagga sida miraha, khudaarta iyo digirta. Sida cayayaanka bakteeriyada aadka loo isticmaalo, Bacillus thuringiensis waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo lepidoptera iyo cayayaanka hemiptera ee dalagga sida khudaarta, miraha, bariiska, baradhada iyo cawska. Ka mid ah cayayaanka fangas ee diiwaangashan, Beauveria bassiana waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa si loo xakameeyo calalinta iyo qaniinyada cayayaanka qaybaha afka sida thrips, cayayaan miisaan, whiteflies, caarada, lamid ah, dheeman iyo aphids khudaarta, miraha, geedaha geedka iyo shaaha. Beauveria brucei waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo cayayaanka coleoptera sida longiceps iyo kuwa lamid ah geedaha miraha, geedaha, Angelica, ubaxa cherry iyo boqoshaada shiitake. Metarhizium anisopliae loo isticmaalo in lagu xakameeyo thrips beerashada aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee khudaarta iyo cambaha; Paecilomyces furosus iyo Paecilopus pectus ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu xakameeyo shimbiraha cadcad, aphids iyo caarada gaduudan ee aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee lagu beero khudaarta iyo strawberries. Fungus-ka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo duqsiyada cadcad iyo beerashada aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee khudaarta, canbaha, chrysanthemums iyo lisiflorum.
Sida nematocide-ka kaliya ee microbial-ka ee ka diiwaan gashan oo waxtar leh Japan, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta guntin nematode ee khudaarta, baradhada iyo berdaha.
2.2.2 Microbiocides
Fayraska Mosaic-ga ee zucchini-jaallaha ah ee fayraska u eg ee ka diiwaan gashan Japan ayaa loo isticmaalay xakameynta cudurka Mosaic iyo fusarium wilt uu keeno fayraska la xiriira qajaarka. Ka mid ah bakteeriyada fungicides ka diiwaan gashan Japan, Bacillus amylolitica waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo cudurada fangas sida qudhunka brown, caaryada cawl, finan madow, cudurka xiddigaha cad, caariyaysi budada, caaryada madow, caaryada caleen, cudurka bar, miridhku cad iyo caleen caleen on khudaarta, miraha, ubaxa, hop iyo tubaakada. Bacillus simplex waxa loo isticmaalay ka-hortagga iyo daawaynta bakteeriyada bakteeriyada iyo bariiska bakteeriyadu leedahay. Bacillus subtilis waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta cudurada bakteeriyada iyo fangas sida caaryada cawl, caariyaysi budada ah, cudurka xidigta madow, qaraxa bariiska, caariyaysi caleen, xabag madow, caleen caleen, bar cad, dhibicyo, cudurka canker, caabuqa, cudurka caaryada madow, cudurka spot brown, caleen madow iyo bakteeriya cudur baro ee khudaarta, miraha, dhirta bariiska, boqoshaada iyo baradhada. Noocyada aan cudur-sidaha ahayn ee Erwenella noocyada dabacasaha jilicsan ayaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta qudhunka jilicsan iyo cudurka kaneecada ee khudaarta, liinta, cycleen iyo baradhada. Pseudomonas fluorescens waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo qudhunka, qudhunka madow, bakteeriya qudhunka madow iyo qudhunka ubaxa ee khudaarta caleenta. Pseudomonas roseni waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta qudhunka jilicsan, qudhunka madow, qudhunka, qudhunka ubaxa, bar bakteeriya, barta madow ee bakteeriyada, dalool bakteeriyada, qudhunka jilicsan ee bakteeriyada, jirridka jirridda bakteeriyada, bakteeriyada laanta bakteeriyada iyo kaneecada bakteeriyada ee khudaarta iyo miraha. Mirabile Phagocytophage waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta cudurka bararka xididka ee khudaarta cruciferous, iyo bakteeriyada dambiisha jaalaha ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta caarada budada ah, caaryada madow, kudka, caaryada caleen, caaryada cawl, qarxinta bariiska, bakteeriyada bakteeriyada, bakteeriyadu, xariijimo bunni ah, cudurka seedling xun iyo seedling xinjirowga on khudaarta, strawberries iyo bariiska xididka, koritaanka bariiska. Lactobacillus plantarum waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo qudhunka jilicsan ee khudaarta iyo baradhada. Ka mid ah fungicides-ka ka diiwaan gashan Japan, Scutellaria microscutella ayaa loo isticmaalay ka hortagga iyo xakamaynta sclerotium qudhunka ee khudaarta, qudhunka madow ee qudhunka ee scallions iyo toonta. Trichoderma viridis waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo cudurrada bakteeriyada iyo fungal sida bariiska bariiska, bakteeriyada bunni-diridka bakteeriyada, bararka caleen iyo bariiska bariiska, iyo sidoo kale cudurka streak ee asparagus iyo cudurka xariirta cad tubaakada.
2.3 nematodes-ka Entomopathogenic
Waxaa jira laba nooc oo nematodes ah oo loo yaqaan 'entomopathogenic nematodes' oo si wax ku ool ah uga diiwaangashan Japan, iyo hababkooda cayayaanka [1-2, 11] inta badan waxay ku lug leeyihiin waxyeelada mashiinada duullaanka, isticmaalka nafaqeynta iyo burburka unugyada unugyada, iyo bakteeriyada sumowga ah ee soo daaya sunta. Steinernema carpocapsae iyo S. glaseri, oo ka diiwaan gashan Japan, ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa baradhada macaan, saytuunka, berdaha, ubaxa iyo dhirta caleenta, ubaxa cherry, plums, fersken, miraha cas, tufaaxa, boqoshaada, khudaarta, cowska iyo ginkgo Xakamaynta cayayaanka sida Megalophora, Saytuun Weestrocorn, Casaan Xiddigo Casaan ah. Qoorta-qoorta Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Lepidophora labajibbaaran, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach yar yar oo cunto ah, aculema Japonica iyo fungus cas. Diiwaangelinta nematode S. kushidai entomopathogenic lama cusboonaysiin.
3. Soo koobid iyo aragti
Dalka Japan, dawooyinka-biopesticides waxay muhiim u yihiin hubinta sugnaanta cuntada, ilaalinta deegaanka iyo noolaha, iyo ilaalinta horumarka beeralayda waara. Si ka duwan dalalka iyo gobollada sida Maraykanka, Midowga Yurub, Shiinaha iyo Vietnam [1, 7-8], Jabbaan biopesticides waxaa si cidhiidhi ah lagu qeexaa sida non-genetically modified noolaha noole oo loo isticmaalo beeritaanka beero organic. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxaa jira 47 sunta cayayaanka noolaha ah oo ka diiwaangashan oo wax ku ool ah Japan, kuwaas oo iska leh cadawga dabiiciga ah, microorganisms iyo nematodes pathogenic cayayaanka, waxaana loo isticmaalaa ka hortagga iyo xakamaynta arthropods waxyeellada leh, nematodes dhirta dulin iyo cudur-sidaha beerashada aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo iyo dalagyada beeraha sida khudaarta, miraha, bariiska, geedaha shaaha, geedaha, ubaxa iyo dhirta cawska. Inkasta oo biopesticide-yadani ay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka badbaadada sare, khatarta hoose ee caabbinta daroogada, is-baaritaanka ama ciribtirka dulin ee soo noqnoqda ee cayayaan hoos yimaada xaaladaha wanaagsan, muddada dheer ee waxtarka leh iyo badbaadinta shaqada, waxay sidoo kale leeyihiin faa'iido darrooyin sida xasillooni liidata, waxtarka gaabis ah, waafaqsanaanta liidata, xakamaynta spectrum iyo muddada daaqada isticmaalka cidhiidhi ah. Dhanka kale, noocyada kala duwan ee dalagyada iyo walxaha xakamaynta ee diiwaangelinta iyo codsiga biopesticides ee Japan ayaa sidoo kale xaddidan, mana beddeli karto sunta cayayaanka kiimikada si loo gaaro waxtar buuxa. Marka loo eego tirakoobka [3], sanadka 2020, qiimaha biopesticides ee lagu isticmaalo Japan ayaa lagu xisaabiyay kaliya 0.8%, taas oo aad uga hooseysa saamiga tirada diiwaangashan ee maaddooyinka firfircoon.
Sida jihada ugu weyn ee horumarinta warshadaha sunta cayayaanka mustaqbalka, biopesticides ayaa si dheeraad ah loo baaray oo loo sameeyay loona diiwaan geliyay wax soo saarka beeraha. Marka lagu daro horumarka sayniska bayoolojiga iyo teknolojiyadda iyo caannimada faa'iidada kharashka ee cilmi-baarista biopesticide-ka iyo horumarinta, hagaajinta badbaadada cuntada iyo tayada, culeyska deegaanka iyo shuruudaha horumarka waara ee beeraha, suuqa biopesticide-ka ee Japan ayaa si degdeg ah u koraya. Cilmi-baarista Inkwood waxay ku qiyaastay in suuqa biopesticide-ka Japan uu ku kori doono kobaca sanadlaha ah ee 22.8% laga bilaabo 2017 ilaa 2025, waxaana la filayaa inuu gaaro $ 729 milyan sanadka 2025. Iyadoo la hirgelinayo "Xeeladaha Nidaamka Cunnada Cagaaran", biopesticides ayaa loo isticmaalaa beeralayda Japan.
Waqtiga boostada: Meey-14-2024