Kiimikooyinka bayoolojiga ah waa mid ka mid ah aaladaha muhiimka ah ee lagu hirgelinayo "istaraatiijiyadda Nidaamka Cuntada Cagaaran" ee Japan. Warqaddani waxay sharraxaysaa qeexidda iyo qaybta cayayaanka bayoolojiga ah ee Japan, waxayna kala saartaa diiwaangelinta cayayaanka bayoolojiga ah ee Japan, si loo bixiyo tixraac ku saabsan horumarinta iyo isticmaalka cayayaanka bayoolojiga ah ee dalalka kale.
Maadaama dhul beereed yar uu ku yar yahay Japan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la isticmaalo sunta cayayaanka iyo bacrimiyeyaasha si loo kordhiyo wax soo saarka dalagga halkii dhul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, adeegsiga tiro badan oo sunta cayayaanka kiimikada ah ayaa kordhisay culeyska deegaanka, waxaana si gaar ah muhiim u ah in la ilaaliyo carrada, biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, muuqaalka miyiga iyo amniga cuntada si loo gaaro horumar waara oo beeraha iyo deegaanka ah. Iyadoo haraaga sunta cayayaanka ee dalagyada ay sare u kacaan taasoo keentay inay sii kordhaan kiisaska cudurrada dadweynaha, beeralayda iyo dadweynuhu waxay u janjeeraan inay isticmaalaan sunta cayayaanka noolaha ee ka badbaado badan oo deegaanka u fiican.
Sida hindisaha beeraha-ilaa-Fork ee Yurub, dowladda Japan bishii Maajo 2021 waxay samaysay "Istaraatiijiyadda Nidaamka Cuntada Cagaaran" oo ujeedadeedu tahay in la yareeyo isticmaalka khatarta leh ee sunta cayayaanka kiimikada 50% marka la gaaro 2050 iyo in la kordhiyo aagga beerashada dabiiciga ah ilaa 1 milyan hm2 (oo u dhiganta 25% aagga beeraha Japan). Istaraatiijiyaddu waxay raadineysaa inay kor u qaaddo wax soo saarka iyo waaritaanka cuntada, beeraha, kaymaha iyo kalluumeysiga iyada oo loo marayo tallaabooyin hal-abuur leh oo u adkeysiga (MeaDRI), oo ay ku jiraan maaraynta cayayaanka ee isku dhafan, hababka codsiga ee la hagaajiyay iyo horumarinta beddelaadyo cusub. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah horumarinta, codsiga iyo kor u qaadista maaraynta cayayaanka ee isku dhafan (IPM), iyo sunta cayayaanka noolaha ayaa ka mid ah qalabka muhiimka ah.
1. Qeexidda iyo qaybta sunta cayayaanka disha ee Japan
Kiimikooyinka bayoolojiga ah waxay la xiriiraan sunta cayayaanka kiimikada ama kuwa macmalka ah, guud ahaanna waxay tilmaamayaan sunta cayayaanka ee si ammaan ah ama saaxiibtinimo leh u leh dadka, deegaanka iyo deegaanka iyagoo isticmaalaya ama ku salaysan kheyraadka bayoolojiga. Sida laga soo xigtay isha maaddooyinka firfircoon, sunta cayayaanka waxaa loo qaybin karaa qaybaha soo socda: marka hore, sunta cayayaanka ee laga helo bakteeriyada, oo ay ku jiraan bakteeriyada, fangaska, fayrasyada iyo xayawaanka noolaha ee asalka ah (si hidde ahaan wax looga beddelay) noolaha noolaha ee microbial iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaadkooda la sii daayay; Tan labaad waa sunta cayayaanka ee laga helo dhirta, oo ay ku jiraan dhirta nool iyo soo-saarkooda, wakiillada ilaalinta ee ku dhex jira dhirta (dalagyada hidde ahaan wax laga beddelay); Saddexaad, sunta cayayaanka ee asal ahaan ka soo jeeda xayawaanka, oo ay ku jiraan nematodes-ka nool ee entomopathetic, xayawaanka dulinka iyo ugaarsiga iyo soo-saarista xayawaanka (sida pheromones). Mareykanka iyo waddamada kale waxay sidoo kale u kala saaraan sunta cayayaanka ee macdanta dabiiciga ah sida saliidda macdanta inay yihiin sunta cayayaanka.
SEIJ-ga Japan wuxuu u kala saaraa sunta cayayaanka noolaha nool ee sunta cayayaanka iyo walxaha bayoolojiga ah ee sunta cayayaanka, wuxuuna u kala saaraa pheromones, metabolites-ka microbial (antibiyootigyada beeraha), soosaarka dhirta, sunta cayayaanka ee macdanta laga helo, soosaarka xayawaanka (sida sunta arthropod), nanoantibodies, iyo wakiillada ilaalinta dhirta ee ku dhex jira sida sunta cayayaanka. Ururka Iskaashatooyinka Beeraha ee Japan wuxuu u kala saaraa sunta cayayaanka ee Japan walxaha dabiiciga ah ee cadowga dabiiciga ah, nematodes-ka cadowga dabiiciga ah, noolaha yaryar iyo walxaha bayoolojiga ah, wuxuuna u kala saaraa Bacillus thuringiensis kuwa aan firfircoonayn inay yihiin noolaha yaryar wuxuuna ka saarayaa antibiyootikada beeraha qaybta sunta cayayaanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maaraynta sunta cayayaanka ee dhabta ah, sunta cayayaanka ee Japan waxaa si cidhiidhi ah loogu qeexaa sunta cayayaanka nool ee noolaha, taas oo ah, "wakiillada xakamaynta bayoolojiga sida noolaha yaryar ee iska soo horjeeda, noolaha yaryar ee cudurada dhirta, noolaha yaryar ee cudurada cayayaanka, nematodes-ka cayayaanka, noolaha yaryar ee dulinka ah iyo kuwa ugaadhsiga ah ee loo isticmaalo xakamaynta cayayaanka". Si kale haddii loo dhigo, sunta cayayaanka ee Japan waa sunta cayayaanka ee ka ganacsata noolaha sida noolaha yaryar, nematodes-ka entomopathetic iyo noolaha cadowga dabiiciga ah sida maaddooyin firfircoon, halka noocyada iyo noocyada walxaha ilaha bayoolojiga ee laga diiwaan geliyay Japan aysan ka tirsanayn qaybta sunta cayayaanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, sida ku cad "Tallaabooyinka Daaweynta Natiijooyinka Baaritaannada Qiimaynta Badbaadada ee la xiriira codsiga Diiwaangelinta sunta cayayaanka ee microbial", noolaha yaryar ee hidde ahaan wax laga beddelay iyo dhirta laguma maamulo sunta cayayaanka ee bayoolojiga ee Japan. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, Wasaaradda Beeraha, Kaymaha iyo Kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale bilowday habka dib-u-qiimaynta sunta cayayaanka waxayna soo saartay heerar cusub oo loogu talagalay in aan la diiwaangelin sunta cayayaanka si loo yareeyo suurtagalnimada in codsiga iyo faafitaanka sunta cayayaanka ay sababi karto waxyeello weyn oo ku timaadda deegaanka ama koritaanka xayawaanka iyo dhirta ee deegaanka nool.
"Liiska Wax-soo-saarka Beeraha Dabiiciga ah" ee ay soo saartay Wasaaradda Beeraha, Kaymaha iyo Kalluumeysiga ee Japan sannadkii 2022 ayaa daboolaya dhammaan sunta cayayaanka disha iyo qaar ka mid ah sunta cayayaanka ee asal ahaan bayooloji ah. Sunta cayayaanka disha ee Japan waxaa laga dhaafayaa sameynta Qaadashada Maalinlaha ah ee La Ansaxayo (ADI) iyo xadka ugu badan ee Haraaga (MRL), kuwaas oo labadaba loo isticmaali karo soo saarista wax soo saarka beeraha ee hoos yimaada Heerka Beeraha Dabiiciga ah ee Japan (JAS).
2. Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan diiwaangelinta sunta cayayaanka ee bayoolojiga ah ee Japan.
Iyada oo ah waddan hormuud u ah horumarinta iyo adeegsiga sunta cayayaanka disha, Japan waxay leedahay nidaam maareyn oo dhammaystiran oo diiwaangelin sunta cayayaanka disha iyo noocyo badan oo ah diiwaangelinta sunta cayayaanka disha. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka qoraaga, laga bilaabo 2023, waxaa jira 99 diyaar garow sunta cayayaanka disha oo noolaha ah oo wax ku ool ah Japan, oo ku lug leh 47 maaddooyin firfircoon, oo ka dhigan qiyaastii 8.5% wadarta guud ee maaddooyinka firfircoon ee sunta cayayaanka diwaangashan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, 35 maaddooyin ayaa loo isticmaalaa sunta cayayaanka disha (oo ay ku jiraan 2 nematocides), 12 maaddooyin ayaa loo isticmaalaa nadiifinta, mana jiraan sunta cayayaanka disha ama isticmaal kale (Jaantuska 1). Inkasta oo pheromones aysan ka tirsanayn qaybta sunta cayayaanka disha ee Japan, badanaa waxaa lagu dhiirrigeliyaa oo lagu dabaqaa sunta cayayaanka disha sida wax soo saarka beerista dabiiciga ah.
2.1 Cayayaanka bayoolojiga ah ee cadowga dabiiciga ah
Waxaa jira 22 maaddooyin firfircoon oo ka mid ah sunta cayayaanka dabiiciga ah ee cadowga ee laga diiwaan geliyay Japan, kuwaas oo loo qaybin karo cayayaanka dulinka ah, cayayaanka ugaadhsiga ah iyo cayayaanka ugaadhsiga ah iyadoo loo eegayo noocyada bayoolojiga iyo qaabka ficilka. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, cayayaanka ugaadhsiga ah iyo cayayaanka ugaadhsiga ah waxay ugaadhsadaan cayayaanka waxyeelada leh si ay u cunaan, cayayaanka dulinka ahina waxay ukunta ku dhigaan cayayaanka dulinka ah dirxigoodana waxay quudiyaan martida waxayna horumariyaan inay dilaan martida. Cayayaanka dulinka ah ee hymenoptera, sida shinnida aphid, shinnida aphid, shinnida aphid, shinnida aphid, shinnida aphid, shinnida aphid, shinnida aphid, shinnida hemiptera iyo Mylostomus japonicus, oo laga diiwaan geliyay Japan, ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta aphids, duqsiga iyo duqsiga cad ee khudaarta lagu beero aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, iyo ugaadha chrysoptera, cayayaanka cayayaanka, ladybug iyo thrips waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta aphids, thrips iyo whiteflies ee khudaarta lagu beero aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo. Cayayaanka ugaadhsiga ah waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta caaro cas, caarada caleen, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips iyo whitefly ee khudaarta, ubaxyada, geedaha miraha, digirta iyo baradhada lagu beero aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, iyo sidoo kale khudaarta, geedaha miraha iyo shaaha lagu beero beeraha. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Diiwaangelinta cadawga dabiiciga ah sida O. sauteri lama cusboonaysiin.
2.2 Cayayaanka Bakteeriyada
Waxaa jira 23 nooc oo ah maaddooyinka firfircoon ee sunta cayayaanka ee microbial-ka ee laga diiwaan geliyay Japan, kuwaas oo loo qaybin karo sunta cayayaanka/fungicides-ka fayraska, sunta cayayaanka ee bakteeriyada/fungicides-ka iyo sunta cayayaanka/fungicides-ka fangas iyadoo loo eegayo noocyada iyo isticmaalka noolaha yaryar. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, sunta cayayaanka ee microbial-ka ayaa disha ama xakameysa cayayaanka iyagoo ku faafa, ku tarma oo sii daaya sunta. Sunta cayayaanka ee microbial-ka ayaa xakameysa bakteeriyada cudurada keena iyada oo loo marayo tartanka gumeysiga, soo saarista sunta bakteeriyada ama metabolites-ka labaad, iyo kicinta iska caabbinta dhirta [1-2, 7-8, 11]. nematocides-ka fungi (ugaadhsiga) Monacrosporium phymatopagum, fungicides-ka microbial-ka Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, Fusarium oxysporum oo aan cudur-sidaha lahayn iyo nooca fayraska mottle-ka ee Pepper-ka oo yaraaday, Iyo diiwaangelinta sunta cayayaanka ee microbial-ka sida Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus iyo Drechslera monoceras lama cusboonaysiin.
2.2.1 Cayayaanka jeermiska dila
Cayayaanka cayayaanka ee ka soo jeeda geedka loo yaqaan 'granular' iyo 'nuclear polyhedroid virus' ee laga diiwaan geliyay Japan waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo cayayaanka gaarka ah sida geedka tufaaxa, geedka shaaha iyo geedka shaaha ee loo yaqaan 'longeleaf ringworm', iyo sidoo kale Streptococcus aureus oo ku dhaca dalagyada sida miraha, khudaarta iyo digirta. Maadaama uu yahay cayayaanka bakteeriyada ugu badan ee la isticmaalo, Bacillus thuringiensis waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo cayayaanka lepidoptera iyo hemiptera ee dalagyada sida khudaarta, miraha, bariiska, baradhada iyo cawska. Cayayaanka fungal ee diiwaangashan, Beauveria bassiana waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo cayayaanka afka lagu calaliyo iyo kuwa qaniina sida 'thrips', cayayaanka 'scale', 'whiteflies', 'caarada', 'vites', 'vites', 'diamonds' iyo 'aphids' ee khudaarta, miraha, geedaha iyo shaaha. Beauveria brucei waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo cayayaanka coleoptera sida 'longiceps' iyo 'vites' ee geedaha miraha, geedaha, angelica, ubaxyada cherry iyo boqoshaada shiitake. Metarhizium anisopliae waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo geedka 'thrips' ee lagu beero dhirta lagu koriyo ee khudaarta iyo canbaha; Paecilomyces furosus iyo Paecilopus pectus ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu xakameeyo duqsiga cad, aphids iyo caaro cas oo ku jira khudaarta lagu beero aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo iyo strawberries. Fangaska waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo duqsiga cad iyo thrips ee lagu beero aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee khudaarta, canbaha, chrysanthemums iyo lisiflorum.
Maadaama uu yahay bakteeriyada kaliya ee laga diiwaan galiyay oo wax ku ool ah Japan, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta xididka nematode ee khudaarta, baradhada iyo berdaha.
2.2.2 Baayosiyoodyo yaryar
Nooca fayraska ee la yiraahdo zucchini huruudaysan ee fayraska Mosaic ee fayraska u eg ee laga diiwaan geliyay Japan ayaa loo isticmaalay xakamaynta cudurka Mosaic iyo wilt-ka fusarium ee uu keeno fayraska la xiriira qajaarka. Waxaa ka mid ah fungicides-ka bakteeriyada ee laga diiwaan geliyay Japan, Bacillus amylolitica waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta cudurada fangaska sida qudhunka buniga ah, caaryada cawlan, caaryada madow, cudurka xiddigaha cad, caaryada budada ah, caaryada madow, caaryada caleenta, cudurka dhibcaha, miridhku cad iyo caleen-cayayaanka khudaarta, miraha, ubaxyada, hops-ka iyo tubaakada. Bacillus simplex waxaa loo isticmaalay ka hortagga iyo daaweynta wilt-ka bakteeriyada iyo wilt-ka bakteeriyada ee bariiska. Bacillus subtilis waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta cudurada bakteeriyada iyo fangaska sida caaryada cawlan, caaryada budada ah, cudurka xiddigaha madow, qarxinta bariiska, caaryada caleenta, caaryada madow, wilt-ka caleenta, dhibicda cad, boobka, cudurka canker-ka, caaryada, cudurka caaryada madow, cudurka dhibcaha buniga ah, wilt-ka caleenta madow iyo cudurka barta bakteeriyada ee khudaarta, miraha, bariiska, ubaxyada iyo dhirta qurxinta, digirta, baradhada, hops-ka, tubaakada iyo boqoshaada. Noocyada aan cudur-sidaha lahayn ee noocyada karootada jilicsan ee Erwenella ayaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta qudhunka jilicsan iyo cudurka canker ee khudaarta, liinta, cycleen iyo baradhada. Pseudomonas fluorescens waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo qudhunka, qudhunka madow, qudhunka madow ee bakteeriyada iyo qudhunka ubaxa ee khudaarta caleenta. Pseudomonas roseni waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta qudhunka jilicsan, qudhunka madow, qudhunka, qudhunka ubaxa, dhibicda bakteeriyada, barta madow ee bakteeriyada, daloolka bakteeriyada, qudhunka jilicsan ee bakteeriyada, qudhunka jirridda bakteeriyada, qudhunka laanta bakteeriyada iyo qudhunka bakteeriyada ee khudaarta iyo miraha. Phagocytophage mirabile waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta cudurka bararka xididka ee khudaarta cruciferous, bakteeriyada dambiisha jaalaha ahna waxaa loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta caariyaysi budada ah, caaryada madow, anthrax, caaryada caleen, caaryada cawlan, bariiska qarxa, cuncunka bakteeriyada, dildilaaca bakteeriyada, stretch brown, cudurka geedo yaryar ee xun iyo cuncunka geedaha ee khudaarta, strawberries iyo bariiska, iyo kor u qaadida koritaanka xididdada dalagyada. Lactobacillus plantarum waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo qudhunka jilicsan ee khudaarta iyo baradhada. Ka mid ah daawooyinka fungicides-ka ee laga diiwaan geliyay Japan, Scutellaria microscutella waxaa loo isticmaalay ka hortagga iyo xakamaynta qudhunka sclerotium ee khudaarta, qudhunka qudhunka madow ee basasha iyo toonta. Trichoderma viridis waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo cudurrada bakteeriyada iyo fangaska sida cuncunka bariiska, cudurka buniga ah ee bakteeriyada, cayayaanka caleen iyo qaraxa bariiska, iyo sidoo kale cudurka asparagus ee guduudan iyo cudurka xariirta cad ee tubaakada.
2.3 Nematodes-ka ku dhaca unugyada
Waxaa jira laba nooc oo nematodes-ka entomopathogenic ah oo si wax ku ool ah looga diiwaan geliyay Japan, iyo farsamooyinkooda dilaaga cayayaanka [1-2, 11] waxay inta badan ku lug leeyihiin burburka mashiinka duullaanka, isticmaalka nafaqada iyo burburka unugyada unugyada, iyo bakteeriyada isku dhafan ee soo saarta sunta. Steinernema carpocapsae iyo S. glaseri, oo laga diiwaan geliyay Japan, waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa baradhada macaan, saytuunka, berdaha, ubaxyada iyo dhirta caleenta, ubaxyada cherry, plomme, fersken, berry cas, tufaax, boqoshaada, khudaarta, cawska iyo ginkgo Xakamaynta cayayaanka cayayaanka sida Megalophora, weestro olive, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica iyo Red fungus. Diiwaangelinta nematode entomopathogenic S. kushidai lama cusboonaysiin.
3. Soo koobid iyo aragti
Dalka Japan, sunta cayayaanka disha ayaa muhiim u ah hubinta amniga cuntada, ilaalinta deegaanka iyo kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, iyo ilaalinta horumarinta beeraha waara. Si ka duwan dalalka iyo gobollada sida Mareykanka, Midowga Yurub, Shiinaha iyo Vietnam [1, 7-8], sunta cayayaanka disha ee Japan waxaa si cidhiidhi ah loogu qeexaa inay yihiin wakiillo nool oo aan hidde ahaan wax laga beddelin oo loo isticmaali karo wax soo saarka beeraha dabiiciga ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxaa jira 47 sunta cayayaanka disha oo noolaha ah oo laga diiwaan geliyay oo wax ku ool ah Japan, kuwaas oo ka tirsan cadawga dabiiciga ah, noolaha yaryar iyo sunta cayayaanka disha, waxaana loo isticmaalaa ka hortagga iyo xakamaynta sunta cayayaanka ee waxyeelada leh, sunta cayayaanka disha dhirta iyo jeermiska ku dhaca beerista aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo iyo dalagyada beeraha sida khudaarta, miraha, bariiska, geedaha shaaha, geedaha, ubaxyada iyo dhirta qurxinta iyo cawska. Inkasta oo sunta cayayaanka disha ay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka badbaadada sare, khatarta hoose ee iska caabbinta daawada, is-raadinta ama tirtiridda dulinka ee soo noqnoqda ee cayayaanka xaaladaha wanaagsan, muddada waxtarka dheer iyo badbaadinta shaqada, waxay sidoo kale leeyihiin khasaarooyin sida xasillooni darro, waxtar gaabis ah, is-waafajin liidata, xakamaynta muuqaalka iyo muddada isticmaalka cidhiidhiga ah. Dhanka kale, noocyada dalagyada iyo walxaha xakamaynta ee diiwaangelinta iyo isticmaalka sunta cayayaanka ee Japan sidoo kale waa mid xaddidan, mana beddeli karto sunta cayayaanka kiimikada si loo gaaro waxtar buuxa. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobyada [3], sannadkii 2020, qiimaha sunta cayayaanka ee loo isticmaalay Japan waxay ahayd 0.8% oo keliya, taas oo aad uga hooseysay saamiga tirada diiwaangashan ee maaddooyinka firfircoon.
Maadaama ay tahay jihada ugu weyn ee horumarinta warshadaha sunta cayayaanka mustaqbalka, sunta cayayaanka ayaa si weyn loo baarayaa loona horumarinayaa loona diiwaangelinayaa wax soo saarka beeraha. Iyadoo ay weheliso horumarka sayniska iyo tignoolajiyada bayoolojiga iyo caannimada faa'iidada kharashka ee cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta sunta cayayaanka noolaha, horumarinta badbaadada cuntada iyo tayada, culayska deegaanka iyo shuruudaha horumarinta waara ee beeraha, suuqa sunta cayayaanka noolaha ee Japan ayaa sii wadaya inuu si degdeg ah u kordho. Inkwood Research waxay ku qiyaastay in suuqa sunta cayayaanka noolaha ee Japan uu ku kori doono heer kobaca sanadlaha ah oo ah 22.8% laga bilaabo 2017 ilaa 2025, waxaana la filayaa inuu gaaro $729 milyan sanadka 2025. Iyadoo la hirgelinayo "Istaraatiijiyadda Nidaamka Cuntada Cagaaran", sunta cayayaanka noolaha ayaa loo isticmaalayaa beeraleyda Japan.
Waqtiga boostada: Maajo-14-2024