Inkasta oo nematodes-ka dulin dhirta ay ka tirsan yihiin khataraha nematode, ma aha cayayaanka dhirta, laakiin cudurrada dhirta.
nematode xidid-knot (Meloidogyne) waa nematode dulin dhirta ee ugu baahsan iyo waxyeelada leh ee adduunka.Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ka badan 2000 nooc oo dhir ah oo adduunka ah, oo ay ku jiraan ku dhawaad dhammaan dalagyada la beeray, ay aad ugu nugul yihiin caabuqa nematode-jidka.Nematodes xidid-xididku waxay caabuqaan unugyada unugyada xididka martida loo yahay si ay u sameeyaan burooyin, saameynaya nuugista biyaha iyo nafaqooyinka, taasoo keentay koritaanka dhirta oo daciifa, dhogorta, huruudda, engejinta, caleen caleen, qallafsanaanta miraha, iyo xitaa dhimashada geedka oo dhan, taasoo keentay dhimista dalagga adduunka.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, xakamaynta cudurka nematode waxay ahayd diiradda shirkadaha ilaalinta dhirta caalamiga ah iyo machadyada cilmi-baarista.nematode cyst soybean waa sabab muhiim ah oo hoos u dhigista wax soo saarka soybean ee Brazil, Maraykanka iyo dalalka kale ee muhiimka ah dhoofinta soybean.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah hababka jireed ama tallaabooyinka beeraha lagu dabaqay xakamaynta cudurka nematode, sida: baaritaanka noocyada u adkaysta, isticmaalka xididdada u adkaysta, wareegga dalagga, horumarinta carrada, iwm, hababka xakamaynta ugu muhiimsan ayaa weli ah kiimikaad xakamaynta ama xakamaynta noolaha.
Farsamaynta ficil-isku-xidhka xididka
Taariikhda nolosha nematode xidid-knot waxay ka kooban tahay ukun, dirxiga ugu horreeya, dirxiga labaad, dirxiga saddexaad, dirxiga afraad iyo qof weyn.Dirxigu waa dixiri yar oo kale, qofka weynina waa heteromorphic, labkuna waa toosan, dumarkuna waa pear-qaabeeya.Dirxiga labaad ee instar waxay u guuri karaan biyaha daloolada ciidda, waxay raadiyaan xididka geedka martida loo yahay iyada oo loo marayo alleles xasaasiga ah ee madaxa, waxay ku duulaan geedka martida loo yahay iyaga oo ka daloolaya epidermis ka soo jeeda aagga dhererka ee xididka martida loo yahay, ka dibna u safraan iyada oo loo marayo Meesha intercellular, u gudub cidhifka xididka, oo gaadho meeriska xididka.Ka dib markii dirxiga labaad ee instar ay gaareen meerisyada cirifka xididka, dirxiyadu waxay dib ugu laabteen jihada xirmada xididada waxayna gaareen aagga horumarinta xylem.Halkan, dirxiga labaad ee instar waxay ku duleelaan unugyada martida loo yahay irbad afka ah oo ku duri dheecaannada qanjidhada hunguriga unugyada xididada martida loo yahay.Auxin iyo enzymes kala duwan oo ku jira dheecaanka qanjidhada hunguriga ayaa keeni kara unugyada martida loo yahay inay isu beddelaan "unugyada waaweyn" oo leh nukleiyaal badan, qani ku ah suborganelles iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaad xooggan.Unugyada kortikaalka ah ee ku xeeran unugyada waaweyn way bataan oo way bataan oo bararaan saamaynta unugyada waaweyn, samaynta calaamadaha caadiga ah ee qanjidhada xididada ee dusha sare ee xididka.Dirxiga labaad ee bilowga ah waxay u isticmaalaan unugyo waaweyn sidii dhibcaha quudinta si ay u nuugaan nafaqooyinka iyo biyaha oo aysan u dhaqaaqin.Marka la eego xaaladaha ku habboon, dirxiga labaad ee instar-ku wuxuu u horseedi karaa martida loo yahay inuu soo saaro unugyo waaweyn 24 saacadood ka dib caabuqa, oo u koraan gooryaanka qaangaarka ah ka dib seddex moults 20 maalmood ee soo socda.Intaa ka dib nimanku way dhaqaaqaan oo ka tagaan xididada, dheddigga ayaa ah kuwo taagan oo sii wata koritaanka, iyagoo bilaabaya inay ukun dhigaan qiyaastii 28 maalmood.Marka heerkulku ka sarreeyo 10 ℃, ukumuhu waxay ka dillaacaan qanjidhada xididka, dirxiga ugu horreeya ee ukunta, dirxiga labaad ee instar ee ka soo baxa ukunta, uga tago martida loo yahay ciidda mar kale caabuq.
nematodes-jiidka-xididku waxay leeyihiin tiro badan oo marti-geliyayaal ah, kuwaas oo noqon kara dulin in ka badan 3 000 oo nooc oo martigeliyayaal ah, sida khudaarta, dalagyada cuntada, dalagyada lacagta caddaanka ah, geedo miro leh, dhirta qurxinta iyo haramaha.Xididdada khudaarta uu saameeyay guntinka nematodes marka hore waxay sameeyaan nodules cabbirkoodu kala duwan yahay, kuwaas oo bilawga caano leh iyo midab cawlan ah marxaladda dambe.Ka dib markii infekshanka nematode xidid-node ah, dhirta dhulku way gaaban yihiin, laamaha iyo caleemaha waa la gooyay ama huruud ah, korriintii ayaa hoos u dhacday, midabka caleenku wuxuu ahaa iftiin, koritaanka dhirta aadka u buka ayaa daciif ah, dhirtuna waxay ahayd mid daciif ah. oo abaartii way daaleen, geedkii oo dhammuna aad buu u dhintay.Intaa waxaa dheer, nidaaminta jawaabta difaaca, saameynta xannibaadda iyo dhaawaca farsamada ee unugyada xididada xididada xididada ee dalagyada ayaa sidoo kale fududeeyay duulaanka cudurada ka yimaada carrada sida fusarium wilt iyo bakteeriyada qudhunka, sidaas darteed samaynta cudurro adag oo keenaya khasaare weyn.
Tallaabooyinka ka hortagga iyo xakamaynta
linecides dhaqameed waxaa loo qaybin karaa fumigants iyo non-fumigants iyadoo loo eegayo hababka kala duwan ee isticmaalka.
Fumigaant
Waxaa ka mid ah hydrocarbons halogenated iyo isothiocyanates, iyo kuwa aan fumiga ahayn waxaa ka mid ah organophosphorus iyo carbamate.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, ka mid ah cayayaanka ka diiwaan gashan Shiinaha, bromomethane (walax ozone-depleting, kaas oo si tartiib tartiib ah loo mamnuucay) iyo chloropicrin waa halogenated hydrocarbon xeryahooda, taas oo ka hortagi kara isku-darka borotiinka iyo falcelinta biochemical inta lagu jiro neefsashada xidid nematodes.Labada fumigants waa methyl isothiocyanate, kaas oo hoos u dhigi kara oo sii deyn kara methyl isothiocyanate iyo xeryahooda kale ee yaryar ee ciidda.Methyl isothiocyanate waxay geli kartaa jidhka guntin nematode waxayna ku xidhi kartaa globulin sidaha oksijiinta, sidaas darteed waxay joojinaysaa neefsiga nematode xididka xididka si loo gaaro saameyn dilaa ah.Intaa waxaa dheer, sulfuryl fluoride iyo calcium cyanamide ayaa sidoo kale loo diiwaan geliyay inay yihiin fumigants si loo xakameeyo nematodes xididka xididada ee Shiinaha.
Waxa kale oo jira qaar ka mid ah fumigants hydrocarbon halogenated oo aan ka diiwaan gashanayn Shiinaha, sida 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, iwm, kuwaas oo ka diiwaan gashan qaar ka mid ah dalalka Yurub iyo Maraykanka beddelka bromomethane.
Aan qiiq lahayn
Oo ay ku jiraan organophosphorus iyo carbamate.Ka mid ah lineicides non-fumigated ee ka diiwaan gashan dalkeena, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos iyo chlorpyrifos ka tirsan organophosphorus, halka carboxanil, aldicarb iyo carboxanil butathiocarb iska leh carbamate.nematocides non-fumigated waxay carqaladeeyaan shaqada habdhiska neerfaha xididka nematodes iyagoo ku xiraya acetylcholinesterase ee synapses ee xididdada nematodes.Caadiyan ma dilaan nematodes guntinka xididka, laakiin kaliya waxay ka dhigaan nematodes-ka guntida inay lumiyaan awooddooda si ay u helaan goobta martida loo yahay oo ay qaadsiiyaan, sidaas darteed waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan "nematodes paralyzers".nematocides-ka dhaqameed ee aan fumigad lahayn ayaa ah sunta neerfaha sunta ah, kuwaas oo leh hab la mid ah ficilka laf dhabarta iyo arthropods sida nematodes.Sidaa darteed, iyada oo la raacayo caqabadaha deegaanka iyo arrimaha bulshada, waddamada waaweyn ee horumaray ee adduunka ayaa hoos u dhigay ama joojiyay horumarinta cayayaanka organophosphorus iyo karbamate, waxayna u jeesteen horumarinta qaar ka mid ah cayayaannada waxtarka sare leh iyo kuwa hooseeya.Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, ka mid ah cayayaanka cusub ee aan-carbamate/organophosphorus ee helay diiwaangelinta EPA waa ethyl spiralate (diiwaan gashan 2010), difluorosulfone (diiwaan gashan 2014) iyo fluopyramide (diiwaan gashan 2015).
Laakiin dhab ahaantii, sababtoo ah sunta sareeysa, mamnuucida sunta cayayaanka organophosphorus, ma jiraan nematocides badan oo hadda la heli karo.371 nematocides ayaa ka diiwaan gashan Shiinaha, kuwaas oo 161 ka mid ah ay ahaayeen abamectin walax firfircoon iyo 158 ay ahaayeen thiazophos walax firfircoon.Labadan maaddooyinka firfircoon waxay ahaayeen qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee xakamaynta nematode ee Shiinaha.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, ma jiraan nematocides cusub oo badan, kuwaas oo fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone iyo fluopyramide ay yihiin hogaamiyayaasha.Intaa waxaa dheer, marka la eego biopesticides, Penicillium paraclavidum iyo Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 oo ay diwaan gashantahay Kono sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin awood suuqeed oo xoogan.
Patent caalami ah oo loogu talagalay xakamaynta xididka soybean knot nematode
nematode xididka soybean waa mid ka mid ah sababaha ugu waaweyn ee hoos u dhigista wax soo saarka soybean ee dalalka waaweyn ee dhoofinta soybean, gaar ahaan Maraykanka iyo Brazil.
Wadarta 4287 shatiyada ilaalinta dhirta ee la xidhiidha nematodes xididka soybean ayaa la xareeyay adduunka oo dhan tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay.Nematode xididka soybean ee dunidu waxay inta badan ka dalbadaan shatiyada gobollada iyo waddamada, marka hore waa Xafiiska Yurub, kan labaadna waa Shiinaha, iyo Maraykanka, halka aagga ugu daran ee nematode xidid-soybean, Brazil, uu leeyahay oo keliya 145 codsiyada patentka.Waxayna intooda badan ka yimaadeen shirkado caalami ah.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, abamectin iyo phosphine thiazole waa wakiilada ugu muhiimsan ee kantaroolka nematodes ee Shiinaha.Iyo fluopyramide sheyga shatiga leh ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay inuu diyaariyo.
Avermectin
Sannadkii 1981-kii, abamectin waxaa loo soo bandhigay suuqa si looga hortago dulinnada xiidmaha ee naasleyda, iyo 1985-kii sida sunta cayayaanka.Avermectin waa mid ka mid ah cayayaanka loogu isticmaalka badan yahay maanta.
Fosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole waa sheeko cusub, wax ku ool ah oo ballaaran oo aan fumited organophosphorus cayayaanka ay samaysay Shirkadda Ishihara ee Japan, waxaana suuqa la geliyay dalal badan sida Japan.Daraasado horudhac ah ayaa muujiyay in thyazolium fosfine ay leedahay endosorption iyo gaadiidka dhirta waxayna leedahay dhaqdhaqaaq ballaaran oo ka dhan ah nematodes-ka dulin iyo cayayaanka.Nematodes-ka dulin-ku-noolaantu waxay waxyeeleeyaan dalagyo badan oo muhiim ah, iyo sifooyinka bayooloji iyo jireed iyo kiimikaad ee fosfiin thiazole aad bay ugu habboon yihiin codsiga ciidda, sidaa darteed waa wakiilka ugu habboon ee lagu xakameynayo nematodes-ka dhirta.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, phosphine thiazolium waa mid ka mid ah nematocides-ka kaliya ee ka diiwaan gashan khudaarta Shiinaha, waxayna leedahay nuugista gudaha oo aad u fiican, sidaas darteed looma isticmaali karo oo kaliya in lagu xakameeyo nematodes iyo cayayaanka dusha ciidda, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu xakameeyo caarada caleen iyo caleen. cayayaanka dusha sare.Habka ugu muhiimsan ee ficilka fosfine thiazolides waa in la joojiyo acetylcholinesterase ee noolaha la beegsanayo, taas oo saameynaysa ecology ee nematode marxaladda 2aad ee dirxiga.Phosphine thiazole waxay joojin kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqa, dhaawaca iyo dillaaca nematodes-ka, sidaas darteed waxay joojin kartaa koritaanka iyo taranka nematodes.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide waa fungicide pyridyl ethyl benzamide, oo ay soo saartay oo ay ganacsiyaysay Bayer Cropscience, kaas oo wali ku jira xilliga patent-ka.Fluopyramide waxay leedahay hawlo nematidal ah oo gaar ah, waxaana loo diwaangeliyay xakamaynta xididka nematode ee dalagga, oo hadda waa nematicide aad loo jecel yahay.Habka falkeedu waa in la joojiyo neefsiga mitochondrial iyada oo xannibaysa wareejinta elektaroonigga ah ee succinic dehydrogenase ee silsiladda neefsiga, iyo in la joojiyo dhowr marxaladood oo wareegga koritaanka bakteeriyada pathogenic si loo gaaro ujeedada xakamaynta bakteeriyada pathogenic.
Walaxda firfircoon ee fluropyramide ee Shiinaha ayaa weli ku jirta xilliga patent-ka.Codsiyada patent-ka codsigeeda ee nematodes, 3 waxay ka yimaadeen Bayer, iyo 4 waxay ka yimaadeen Shiinaha, kuwaas oo lagu daray biostimulants ama maaddooyin firfircoon oo kala duwan si loo xakameeyo nematodes.Dhab ahaantii, qaar ka mid ah maaddooyinka firfircoon ee ku jira muddada patent-ka ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu fuliyo qaabka patent ka hor si loo qabsado suuqa.Sida cayayaanka lepidoptera aad u fiican iyo wakiilka thrips ethyl polycidin, in ka badan 70% ee shatiyada codsiga gudaha waxaa dalbada shirkadaha gudaha.
Cayayaanka noolaha ee xakamaynta nematode
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, hababka xakamaynta bayoolojiga ee beddelaya xakamaynta kiimikada ee nematodes guntinta xididka ayaa helay fiiro gaar ah gudaha iyo dibaddaba.Go'doominta iyo baadhista noolaha leh awoodda iska soo horjeeda ee xididdada xididada ayaa ah shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee xakamaynta noolaha.Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee laga soo sheegay noolaha iska soo horjeeda ee xididdada nematodes waxay ahaayeen Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus iyo Rhizobium.Myrothecium, Paecilomyces iyo Trichoderma, si kastaba ha ahaatee, microorganisms qaar ka mid ah ayaa ku adkeyd in ay sameeyaan saameyntooda ka soo horjeeda xididdada nematodes sababtoo ah dhibaatooyinka dhaqanka macmalka ah ama saameynta kontoroolka noolaha ee aan degganeyn ee goobta.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus waa dulin wax ku ool ah oo ka mid ah ukumaha xidid-node nematode koonfurta iyo Cystocystis albicans.Heerka dulin ee ukumaha nematode nematode xidid-node koonfurta waa ilaa 60% ~ 70%.Habka xannibaadda ee Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ee ka soo horjeeda nematodes xididka waa in ka dib markii Paecilomyces lavviolaceus la xiriirto dirxiga line oocysts, ee substrate viscous, mycelium bakteeriyada biocontrol waxay ku wareegsan tahay ukunta oo dhan, iyo dhamaadka mycelium ayaa noqonaysa qaro weyn.Dusha sare ee qolofka ukunta waa la jabiyaa iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhaqdhaqaaqyada dheef-shiid kiimikaad dibadda ah iyo fungal chitinase, ka dibna fangaska ayaa soo duulay oo beddelaya.Waxa kale oo ay soo saari kartaa sunta disha nematodes.Shaqadeeda ugu weyn waa inay disho ukunta.Dalka Shiinaha waxaa ka jira siddeed diiwaan-gelineed oo sunta cayayaanka ah.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, Paecilomyces lilaclavi ma laha foomka qiyaasta qiyaasta iibka ah, laakiin qaabka patent-ka ee Shiinaha ayaa leh shati loogu talagalay isku-darka cayayaanka kale si loo kordhiyo dhaqdhaqaaqa isticmaalka
Soosaarka dhirta
Alaabooyinka dhirta dabiiciga ah ayaa si badbaado leh loogu isticmaali karaa xakamaynta xididdada nematode, iyo isticmaalka qalabka dhirta ama walxaha nematoidal ee ay soo saarto dhirta si loo xakameeyo xididdada xididdada nematode waxay aad ugu xiran tahay shuruudaha badbaadada deegaanka iyo badbaadada cuntada.
Qaybaha Nematoidal ee dhirta ayaa ka jira dhammaan xubnaha dhirta waxaana lagu heli karaa nadiifinta uumiga, soo saarista organic, ururinta dheecaanka xididka, iwm. iyo xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee kacsan, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin maaddooyinka aan kacsanayn ayaa ku xisaabtama inta badan.Qaybaha nematoidal ee dhir badan ayaa loo isticmaali karaa xakamaynta xididdada nematode ka dib marka la soo saaro fudud, iyo helitaanka dhirta dhirta ayaa ah mid sahlan marka la barbar dhigo xeryahooda cusub ee firfircoon.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkasta oo ay leedahay saamaynta cayayaanka, mabda'a dhabta ah ee dhabta ah iyo mabda'a cayayaanka inta badan ma cadda.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, shaaha saponin iyo wixii la mid ah ayaa ah sunta cayayaanka dhirta ee ugu weyn ee ganacsiga ee leh dhaqdhaqaaqa dilka nematode, kuwaas oo aad u yar, waxaana loo isticmaali karaa soo saarista dhirta inhibitory nematode iyada oo la isku dhejiyo ama la socota.
Inkasta oo isku-dhafka dhirta laga soo saaro si loo xakameeyo xididdada nematode waxay ciyaari doontaa saameyn wanaagsan oo kantaroolka nematode ah, si buuxda looma ganacsan marxaladda hadda jirta, laakiin wali waxay siisaa fikrad cusub oo dhirta laga soo saaro si loo xakameeyo nematode guntinta xididka.
Bacriminta noolaha-organic
Furaha bacriminta noolaha-organic-ka ah waa haddii microorganisms-ka lidka ku ah ay ku bami karaan ciidda ama ciidda rhizosphere.Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in codsiga qaar ka mid ah qalabka organic sida shrimp iyo qolof carsaanyo iyo cuntada saliid ay si toos ah ama si dadban u wanaajin karaan saamaynta xakamaynta bayooloji ee xidid guntin nematode.Isticmaalka tignoolajiyada halsano adag si loo halsano microorganism-ka lidka ku ah iyo bacriminta organic si loo soo saaro bacriminta noolaha-organic waa hab cusub oo xakameyn bayooloji si loo xakameeyo xididdada xididdada nematode.
Daraasadda lagu xakameynayo nematodes-ka khudradda leh bacriminta noolaha, waxaa la ogaaday in bakteeriyada ka soo horjeeda ee bacriminta noolaha ay saameyn wanaagsan ku leedahay nematodes-jidka xididka, gaar ahaan bacriminta organic ee laga sameeyay halsano ee sheyga lidka ku ah iyo bacriminta organic. iyada oo loo marayo tignoolajiyada halsano adag.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamaynta xakamaynta ee bacriminta organic on nematodes xidid-jimic ayaa xidhiidh weyn la leh deegaanka iyo muddada isticmaalka, iyo waxtarkeeda xakamaynta ayaa aad uga yar tan cayayaanka dhaqameed, wayna adagtahay in la ganacsado.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo qayb ka ah xakamaynta daroogada iyo bacriminta, waxaa suurtagal ah in la xakameeyo nematodes iyada oo lagu darayo sunta cayayaanka kiimikada iyo isku dhafka biyaha iyo bacriminta.
Iyada oo tirada badan ee noocyada dalagyada hal-abuurka ah (sida baradhada macaan, soybean, iwm) lagu beeray gudaha iyo dibaddaba, dhacdada nematode waxay noqotaa mid aad u daran, iyo xakamaynta nematode ayaa sidoo kale wajahaysa caqabad weyn.Waqtigan xaadirka ah, badi noocyada sunta cayayaanka ee ka diiwaangashan Shiinaha ayaa la sameeyay ka hor 1980-meeyadii, iyo xeryahooda cusub ee firfircooni waa kuwo aan ku filneyn.
Walxaha bayoolojigu waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyin gaar ah habka isticmaalka, laakiin maaha kuwo waxtar u leh sida kiimikooyinka, isticmaalkoodana waxaa xaddiday arrimo kala duwan.Iyadoo loo marayo codsiyada patent-ka ee khuseeya, waxaa la arki karaa in horumarka hadda jira ee nematocides uu weli ku wareegsan yahay isku-dhafka alaabooyinka hore, horumarinta biopesticides, iyo isdhexgalka biyaha iyo bacriminta.
Waqtiga boostada: Meey-20-2024