Isticmaalka baahsan ee sunta sunta ah ee synthetic waxay keentay dhibaatooyin badan, oo ay ka mid yihiin inay soo baxaan noole adkaysi u leh, xaalufka deegaanka iyo waxyeelada caafimaadka aadanaha.Sidaa darteed, sunta cayayaanka cusub ee microbial oo badbaado u ah caafimaadka aadanaha iyo deegaanka ayaa si degdeg ah loogu baahan yahay.Daraasaddan, rhamnolipid biosurfactant oo ay soo saartay Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo qiimeeyo sunta kaneecada (Culex quinquefasciatus) iyo termite (Odontotermes obesus) dirxiga.Natiijadu waxay muujisay in ay jirto heerka dhimashada qiyaasta qiyaasta ee u dhaxaysa daaweynta.LC50 (50% xooga saarista dilaaga ah) qiimaha 48 saacadood ee kaneecada dirxiga biosurfactants waxaa lagu go'aamiyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo hab ku habboon qalooca dib u noqoshada aan toos ahayn.Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in 48-saacadood LC50 qiyamka (95% isku-kalsoonida kalsoonida) ee larvicidal iyo waxqabadka antitermite ee biosurfactant waxay ahaayeen 26.49 mg / L (qiyaastii 25.40 ilaa 27.57) iyo 33.43 mg / L (qiyaastii 31.09 ilaa 35.68)Marka loo eego baaritaanka histopathological, daawaynta biosurfactants waxay sababtay dhaawac ba'an oo soo gaadhay unugyada xubinta taranka ee dirxiga iyo xiniinyaha.Natiijooyinka daraasaddan ayaa tilmaamaya in biosurfactant-ka yar-yar ee ay soo saartay Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ay tahay qalab aad u fiican oo suurtagal ah oo waxtar u leh xakamaynta Cx.quinquefasciatus iyo O. obesus.
Wadamada kulaylaha ayaa la kulma cuduro badan oo kaneecada ka qaado1.Xidhiidhka cudurrada kaneecadu waa mid baahsan.In ka badan 400,000 oo qof ayaa u dhinta duumada sanad walba, magaalooyinka waaweyn qaarkood waxaa ka dilaacay cudurro halis ah sida dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya iyo Zika. xaaladaha muhiimka ah3,4.Culex, Anopheles iyo Aedes waa saddexda nooc ee kaneecada ee inta badan lala xiriiriyo gudbinta cudurrada5.Baahinta qandhada dengue, caabuqa ay gudbiso kaneecada Aedes aegypti, ayaa kor u kacday tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay waxana uu keenay khatar caafimaad oo weyn oo bulshada ah4,7,8.Sida laga soo xigtay Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO), in ka badan 40% dadka adduunka ayaa halis ugu jira qandhada dengue, iyadoo 50-100 milyan oo xaaladood oo cusub ay ka dhacaan sannad kasta in ka badan 100 waddan9,10,11.Qandhada Dengue waxay noqotay dhibaato caafimaad oo wayn oo dadwayne ah iyada oo ay kor u kacday caalamka oo dhan12,13,14.Anopheles gambiae, oo loo yaqaan kaneecada Afrikaan Anopheles, waa xuubka ugu muhiimsan ee duumada bini'aadamka ee gobollada kulaylaha iyo kuwa hoose15.Fayraska West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, iyo caabuqyada fayraska ee fardaha iyo shimbiraha waxaa gudbiya kaneecada Culex, oo inta badan loo yaqaanno kaneecada guriga caadiga ah.Intaa waxaa dheer, sidoo kale waa sidayaal cudurada bakteeriyada iyo dulin16.Waxaa jira in ka badan 3,000 oo nooc oo termites ah adduunka, waxayna jireen in ka badan 150 milyan oo sano17.Cayayaanka intooda badan waxay ku nool yihiin carrada waxayna quutaan alwaax iyo alwaax ay ku jiraan cellulose.Terite Indian Odontotermes obesus waa cayayaan muhiim ah oo waxyeelo ba'an u geysta dalagyada muhiimka ah iyo geedaha la beero18.Dhulka beeralayda ah, xayndaabyada dhogorta leh ee heerar kala duwan waxay sababi karaan khasaare dhaqaale oo baaxad leh oo soo gaara dalagyada kala duwan, noocyada geedaha iyo qalabka dhismaha.Termierku waxa kale oo uu sababi karaa dhibaatooyin caafimaad oo bini aadamka19.
Arrinka iska caabbinta noole yar-yar iyo cayayaan ka jira beeraha maanta farmashiyaha iyo beeralaydu waa kakan20,21.Sidaa darteed, labada shirkadoodba waa inay raadiyaan dawooyin cusub oo kharash-ku-ool ah oo ka hortag ah iyo biopesticides badbaado leh.Cayayaanka synthetic-ka ah ayaa hadda la heli karaa waxaana la muujiyay in ay faafaan oo ay iska celiyaan cayayaanka faa'iidada leh ee aan bartilmaameedsan22.Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, cilmi baarista biosurfactants ayaa balaartay sababtoo ah codsigooda warshado kala duwan.Biosurfactants ayaa aad faa'iido u leh oo muhiim u ah beeraha, hagaajinta ciidda, soo saarista batroolka, bakteeriyada iyo ka saarista cayayaanka, iyo habaynta cuntada23,24.Biosurfactants ama surfactants microbial waa kiimikooyin ay soo saaraan noolaha sida bakteeriyada, khamiirka iyo fangaska ee deegaanka xeebaha iyo meelaha saliidda wasakhaysan25,26.Surfactants kiimikaad laga helay iyo biosurfactants waa laba nooc oo si toos ah looga helo deegaanka dabiiciga ah27.Noocyo kala duwan oo biosurfactants ah ayaa laga helay degaannada badda28,29.Sidaa darteed, saynisyahannadu waxay raadinayaan tignoolajiyada cusub ee soo saarista biosurfactants ee ku saleysan bakteeriyada dabiiciga ah30,31.Horumarka laga gaaray cilmi baaristan oo kale ayaa muujineysa muhiimada ay iskudhisyada nafleyda u leeyihiin ilaalinta deegaanka32.Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium iyo noocyada bakteeriyadan ayaa ah wakiillo si fiican loo bartay23,33.
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo biosurfactants ah oo leh codsiyo kala duwan34.Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee xeryahooda ayaa ah in qaarkood ay leeyihiin bakteeriyada bakteeriyada, larvicidal iyo firfircoonida cayayaanka.Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in loo isticmaali karo beeraha, kiimikooyinka, daawooyinka iyo warshadaha qurxinta35,36,37,38.Sababtoo ah biosurfactants guud ahaan waa noole deg deg ah oo faa'iido u leh deegaanka, waxaa loo isticmaalaa barnaamijyada maaraynta cayayaanka isku dhafan si loo ilaaliyo dalagyada39.Sidaa darteed, aqoonta aasaasiga ah ayaa laga helay dhaqdhaqaaqa larvicidal iyo antitermite ee biosurfactants microbial oo ay soo saartay Enterobacter cloacae SJ2.Waxaan baarnay dhimashada iyo isbeddellada taariikhiga ah markii aan la kulannay xaddiyada kala duwan ee rhamnolipid biosurfactants.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan qiimeynay barnaamijka kombuyuutareedka qaab-dhismeedka tirada badan ee sida ballaaran loo isticmaalo (QSAR) si loo go'aamiyo sunta ba'an ee microalgae, daphnia, iyo kalluunka.
Daraasaddan, waxqabadka antitermite (sumoobo) ee biosurfactants la nadiifiyey oo kala duwan oo u dhexeeya 30 ilaa 50 mg / ml (5 mg / ml inta u dhaxaysa) ayaa lagu tijaabiyey ka soo horjeeda Hindiya, O. obesus iyo noocyada afaraad ) Qiimee.Dirxiga instar Cx.Larvae ee kaneecada quinquefasciatus.Soo ururinta Biosurfactant LC50 in ka badan 48 saacadood oo ka dhan ah O. obesus iyo Cx.C. solanacearum.Dirxiga kaneecada ayaa lagu aqoonsaday iyadoo la isticmaalayo hab ku habboon qalooca dib u noqoshada.Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in dhimashadu ay korodhay iyada oo kor u kaca xoogga biosurfactant.Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in biosurfactant-ku uu leeyahay waxqabad larvicidal (Jaantus 1) iyo waxqabadka anti-termite (Jaantus 2), oo leh 48-saacadood LC50 qiimaha (95% CI) ee 26.49 mg / L (25.40 ilaa 27.57) iyo 33.43 mg / l (Jaantus. 31.09 ilaa 35.68), siday u kala horreeyaan (Shaxda 1).Marka la eego sunta ba'an (48 saacadood), biosurfactant-ka waxaa lagu sifeeyay mid "waxyeelo u leh" noolaha la tijaabiyay.Biosurfactant-ka lagu soo saaray daraasaddan ayaa muujisay firfircoonida dirxiga oo aad u wanaagsan oo leh 100% dhimasho 24-48 saacadood gudahood.
Xisaabi qiimaha LC50 ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dirxiga.Qalooca dib-u-celinta aan toos ahayn ee ku habboon (xariiq adag) iyo 95% muddada kalsoonida (aagga hadhsan) ee dhimashada qaraabada ah (%).
Xisaabi qiimaha LC50 ee dhaqdhaqaaqa ka-hortagga-terite.Qalooca dib-u-celinta aan toos ahayn ee ku habboon (xariiq adag) iyo 95% muddada kalsoonida (aagga hadhsan) ee dhimashada qaraabada ah (%).
Dhammaadka tijaabada, isbeddellada morphological iyo cillado ayaa lagu arkay muraayadda.Isbeddellada morphological ayaa lagu arkay xakamaynta iyo kooxaha lagu daaweeyay 40x weyneynta.Sida ku cad jaantuska 3, daciifnimada koritaanka ayaa ka dhacday inta badan dirxiga lagu daweeyay biosurfactants.Jaantuska 3a wuxuu muujinayaa Cx caadi ah.quinquefasciatus, Jaantuska 3b wuxuu muujinayaa Cx aan caadi ahayn.Waxay keentaa shan dirxiyo nematode ah.
Saamaynta qiyaasaha sublethal (LC50) ee biosurfactants ee horumarinta Culex quinquefasciatus dirxiga.Sawirka mikroskoobiga fudud (a) ee Cx caadiga ah ee 40× weynaynta.quinquefasciatus (b) Cx aan caadi ahayn.Waxay keentaa shan dirxiyo nematode ah.
Daraasadda hadda jirta, baaritaanka histological ee dirxiga la daweeyay (Sawir 4) iyo termites (Jaantus. 5) ayaa muujiyay dhowr cilladood oo aan caadi ahayn, oo ay ku jiraan hoos u dhigista aagga caloosha iyo dhaawaca muruqyada, lakabyada epithelial iyo maqaarka.midgut.Histology ayaa shaaca ka qaaday habka dhaqdhaqaaqa xannibaadda ee biosurfactant ee loo isticmaalo daraasaddan.
Histopathology ee dirxiga 4-aad ee caadiga ah ee aan la daweyn.quinquefasciatus dirxiga (xakamaynta: (a,b)) waxaana lagu daaweeyaa biosurfactant (daawaynta: (c,d)).Fallaadhaha ayaa tilmaamaya epithelium mindhicirka la daweeyay (epi), nuklei (n), iyo muruqa (mu).Bar = 50 µm.
Histopathology ee caadiga ah ee aan la daweyn O. obesus (xakamaynta: (a,b)) iyo biosurfactant la daweeyay (daawaynta: (c,d)).Fallaadhaha ayaa tilmaamaya epithelium mindhicirka (epi) iyo muruqa (mu), siday u kala horreeyaan.Bar = 50 µm.
Daraasaddan, ECOSAR waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu saadaaliyo sunta ba'an ee alaabta biosurfactant ee rhamnolipid ee soosaarayaasha aasaasiga ah (algae cagaaran), macaamiisha aasaasiga ah (boodboodka biyaha) iyo macaamiisha sare (kalluunka).Barnaamijkani waxa uu isticmaalaa moodooyinka isku dhafan ee qaab-dhismeedka-shaqaynta tiro casri ah si loo qiimeeyo sunta ku salaysan qaab-dhismeedka molecular.Qaabku wuxuu isticmaalaa kombuyuutar qaab-dhismeed-hawleed (SAR) si uu u xisaabiyo sunta daran iyo muddada fog ee walxaha ku jira noocyada biyaha.Gaar ahaan, Shaxda 2 waxa ay soo koobaysaa qiyaasaha celceliska halista ah ee uruurinta (LC50) oo macnaheedu yahay uruurin wax ku ool ah (EC50) ee noocyada kala duwan.Sunta laga shakisan yahay ayaa loo kala saaray afar heer iyadoo la adeegsanayo Nidaamka Kala soocidda iyo Calaamadaynta Kiimikada Caalamiga ah ee La Is-waafajiyey (Shaxda 3).
Xakamaynta cudurrada ka dhasha vector-ka, gaar ahaan noocyada kaneecada iyo kaneecada Aedes.Masaarida, hadda shaqo adag 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah sunta cayayaanka ee kiimikaad ahaan loo heli karo, sida pyrethroids iyo organophosphates, ay xoogaa faa'iido leeyihiin, waxay halis weyn u yihiin caafimaadka aadanaha, oo ay ku jiraan sonkorowga, cilladaha taranka, cilladaha neerfaha, kansarka, iyo cudurrada neefsashada.Waxaa intaa dheer, wakhti ka dib, cayayaankani waxay noqon karaan kuwo u adkaysta iyaga13,43,48.Sidaa darteed, tillaabooyinka xakamaynta bayooloji ee waxtarka leh iyo deegaanka u saaxiibka ah waxay noqon doonaan hab caan ah oo kaneecada lagu xakameeyo49,50.Benelli51 waxa ay soo jeedisay in xakamaynta hore ee kaneecadu ay aad waxtar ugu yeelan doonto magaalooyinka, laakiin kuma ay talinin isticmaalka dirxiga ee dhulka miyiga52.Tom et al 53 ayaa sidoo kale soo jeediyay in xakamaynta kaneecada marxaladaha aan qaan-gaarin ay noqon doonto xeelad ammaan ah oo fudud sababtoo ah waxay aad ugu nugul yihiin wakiilada 54 .
Wax-soo-saarka biosurfactant ee cadaadis xooggan (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) waxay muujisay waxtar joogto ah oo rajo leh.Daraasaddeenii hore ayaa sheegtay in Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ay wanaajiso wax soo saarka biosurfactant iyadoo la adeegsanayo cabbirada physicochemical26.Sida laga soo xigtay daraasaddooda, xaaladaha ugu fiican ee wax soo saarka biosurfactant by iman kara E. cloacae go'doomin waxay ahaayeen incubation 36 saacadood, kicinta at 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 ° C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% gulukoos sida il kaarboon, 1% khamiir. .soosaarku waxa loo istcimaali jiray il nitrogen ah si loo helo 2.61 g/L biosurfactant.Intaa waxaa dheer, biosurfactants-yada waxaa lagu sifeeyay isticmaalka TLC, FTIR iyo MALDI-TOF-MS.Tani waxay xaqiijisay in rhamnolipid uu yahay biosurfactant.Glycolipid biosurfactants waa fasalka aadka loo darso ee noocyada kale ee biosurfactants55.Waxay ka kooban yihiin karbohaydrayt iyo qaybo dufan ah, badi silsilado aysiidh dufan ah.Ka mid ah glycolipids, wakiilada ugu muhiimsan waa rhamnolipid iyo sophorolipid56.Rhamnolipids waxay ka kooban yihiin laba qaybood oo rhamnose ah oo ku xiran mono-ama di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57.Isticmaalka rhamnolipids ee warshadaha caafimaadka iyo dawooyinka ayaa si fiican loo aasaasay 58, marka lagu daro isticmaalkoodii ugu dambeeyay ee sunta cayayaanka 59.
Isdhexgalka biosurfactant-ka ee gobolka hydrophobic ee siphon neef-mareenku wuxuu u oggolaanayaa biyaha inay ka gudbaan godkeeda stomatal, taas oo kordhinaysa xidhiidhka dirxiga ee deegaanka biyaha.Joogitaanka biosurfactants waxay sidoo kale saameyneysaa trachea, dhererkeedu wuxuu ku dhow yahay dusha sare, taas oo u sahlaysa in dirxiga ay u gurguurto dusha sare oo neefsato.Natiijo ahaan, xiisadda dusha sare ee biyaha ayaa hoos u dhacda.Maadaama dirxigu aanu ku xidhi karin biyaha dushiisa, waxay ku dhacaan taangiga gunta hoose, iyaga oo khalkhal galinaya cadaadiska hydrostatic, taas oo keenta kharash tamar badan iyo dhimasho ay ku hafto38,60.Natiijooyin la mid ah ayaa waxaa helay Ghribi61, halkaas oo biosurfactant ah oo ay soo saartay Bacillus subtilis uu muujiyay waxqabad larvicidal oo ka dhan ah Ephestia kuehniella.Sidoo kale, dhaqdhaqaaqa dirxiga ee Cx.Das iyo Mukherjee23 ayaa sidoo kale qiimeeyay saameynta lippeptides cyclic ee dirxiga quinquefasciatus.
Natiijooyinka daraasaddan waxay khuseeyaan waxqabadka larvicidal ee rhamnolipid biosurfactants ee ka dhanka ah Cx.Dilka kaneecada quinquefasciatus waxay la socotaa natiijooyinkii hore loo daabacay.Tusaale ahaan, biosurfactants-ku-saleysan surfactin oo ay soo saarto bakteeriyada kala duwan ee Bacillus ayaa la isticmaalaa.iyo Pseudomonas spp.Qaar ka mid ah warbixinadii hore64,65,66 ayaa soo sheegay waxqabadyada dilaaga dirxiga ee biosurfactants lipoppeptide ee Bacillus subtilis23.Deepali iyo al.63 waxay ogaatay in rhamnolipid biosurfactant ka go'doonsan Stenotropomonas maltophilia ay leedahay firfircooni larvicidal awood leh oo ah 10 mg/L.Silva iyo al.67 ayaa sheegay waxqabadka larvicidal ee rhamnolipid biosurfactant ee lidka ku ah Ae ee xaddiga 1 g/L.Aedes egypti.Kanakdande iyo al.68 ayaa sheegay in lipopeptide biosurfactants oo ay soo saartay Bacillus subtilis ay sababtay dhimashada guud ee dirxiga Culex iyo dhogorta leh jajabka lipophilic ee Eucalyptus.Sidoo kale, Masendra et al.69 ayaa sheegay qudhaanjada shaqaalaha (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) Dhimashada 61.7% ee jajabyada lipophilic n-hexane iyo EtOAc ee E. laga soosaaray cayriin.
Parthipan et al 70 ayaa sheegay isticmaalka cayayaanka ee lipopeptide biosurfactants oo ay soo saareen Bacillus subtilis A1 iyo Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 ee ka dhanka ah Anopheles Stephensi, oo ah faleebo dulinka duumada Plasmodium.Waxay arkeen in dirxiga iyo pupaegu ay sii noolaadeen muddo dheer, ay lahaayeen muddooyin ugxansijis ah oo gaaban, oo aan nadiif ahayn, oo ay cimrigoodu gaaban yihiin markii lagu daweeyey xaddi kala duwan oo biosurfactants ah.Qiimaha LC50 ee la arkay ee B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 waxay ahaayeen 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 iyo 7.99 mg/L ee gobolada kala duwan ee dirxiga (ie dirxiga I, II, III, IV iyo heerka pupae) siday u kala horreeyaan.Marka la barbardhigo, biosurfactants ee marxaladaha dirxiga I-IV iyo heerarka pupal ee Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 waxay ahaayeen 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 iyo 6.99 mg/L, siday u kala horreeyaan.Daahitaanka phenology ee dirxiga badbaadaya iyo pupae waxaa loo maleynayaa inay tahay natiijada khalkhal nafsiyeed iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaad oo ay sababeen daawaynta cayayaanka71.
Cadaadiska Wickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 waxay soo saartaa biosurfactant oo leh 100% firfircoonida larvicidal oo ka dhan ah kaneecada Aedes.aegypti 24-saac ee u dhexeeyay 38 ayaa ka sarraysay sida ay sheegeen Silva et al.Biosurfactant-ka laga soo saaro Pseudomonas aeruginosa iyadoo la isticmaalayo saliid gabbaldayaha sida isha kaarboonka ayaa la muujiyay inuu dilo 100% dirxiga gudaha 48 saacadood 67.Abinaya et al.72 iyo Pradhan et al.73 ayaa sidoo kale muujiyay saamaynta larvicidal ama cayayaanka cayayaanka ee ay soo saareen dhowr go'doomin oo ka mid ah genus Bacillus.Daraasad hore loo daabacay by Senthil-Nathan et al.waxaa la ogaaday in 100% dirxiga kaneecada ee soo gaadha godadka dhirta ay u badan tahay inay dhintaan.74.
Qiimaynta saamaynta hoose ee sunta cayayaanka ee bayoolajiga cayayaanka ayaa muhiim u ah barnaamijyada maaraynta cayayaanka ee isku dhafan sababtoo ah qiyaaso yar-yar ma dilaan cayayaanka laakiin waxa laga yaabaa inay yareeyaan tirada cayayaanka ee jiilalka mustaqbalka iyadoo la carqaladaynayo sifooyinka noolaha10.Siqueira et al.Marxaladda larval ee noocyada Aedes aegypti.Waxay falanqeeyeen saamaynta wakhtiga dhimashada iyo kaydinta hoose ee badbaadada dirxiga iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dabaasha.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay arkeen hoos u dhac ku yimid xawaaraha dabaasha ka dib 24-48 saacadood ee soo-gaadhista xad-dhaafka ah ee biosurfactant (tusaale, 50 mg/mL iyo 100 mg/ml).Sunta leh doorar hoose oo rajo leh ayaa loo malaynayaa inay waxtar badan u leeyihiin inay waxyeello badan u geystaan cayayaan soo shaac baxay76.
U fiirsashada taariikhiga ah ee natiijooyinkayagu waxay muujinayaan in biosurfactants ay soo saartay Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 si weyn u beddelaan unugyada kaneecada (Cx. quinquefasciatus) iyo termite (O. obesus) dirxiga.Cilad la mid ah waxa sababay diyaarinta saliidda basil ee An.Gambiaes.s iyo An.Arabica waxaa lagu tilmaamay Ochola77.Kamaraj et al.78 ayaa sidoo kale ku tilmaamay isla cilladaha morphological ee An.Dirxiga Stephanie ayaa la kulmay nanoparticles dahab ah.Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 ayaa sidoo kale sheegay in kiishashka adhijirka ee saliidda lagama maarmaanka ah uu si ba'an u dhaawacay qolka iyo lakabyada epithelial ee Aedes albopictus.Aedes egypti.Raghavendran et al ayaa sheegay in dirxiga kaneecada lagu daaweeyay 500 mg / ml mycelial soosaaray fangaska Penicillium maxaliga ah.Ae waxay muujinaysaa dhaawac ba'an oo taariikhi ah.egypti iyo Cx.Heerka dhimashada 80. Markii hore, Abinaya et al.Dirxiga hore ee afaraad ee An ayaa la darsay.Stephensi iyo Ae.aegypti waxay heshay isbeddelo badan oo taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan Aedes aegypti oo lagu daaweeyay B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, oo ay ku jiraan cecum gastric, atrophy muruqa, dhaawaca iyo habaynta xudunta dareemayaasha ganglia72.Sida laga soo xigtay Raghavendran et al., Ka dib markii la daaweeyay P. daleae mycelial soosaaray, unugyada midgut ee kaneecada la tijaabiyay (Drxiyada 4th instar) ayaa muujiyay bararka lumen mindhicirka, hoos u dhaca walxaha intercellular, iyo cillad nukliyeer81.Isbeddellada taariikhiga ah ee isku midka ah ayaa lagu arkay dirxiga kaneecada ee lagu daaweeyay caleenta echinacea, taas oo muujinaysa awoodda cayayaanka ee xeryahooda la daweeyay50.
Isticmaalka software-ka ECOSAR waxa uu helay aqoonsi caalami ah82.Cilmi-baarista hadda waxay soo jeedinaysaa in sunta ba'an ee ECOSAR biosurfactants ee microalgae (C. vulgaris), kalluunka iyo boodada biyaha (D. magna) ay ku dhacdo qaybta "sumowga" ee ay qeexday Qaramada Midoobay83.Qaabka ECOSAR ecotoxicity model wuxuu isticmaalaa SAR iyo QSAR si loo saadaaliyo suntan ba'an iyo tan fog ee walxaha waxaana badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu saadaaliyo sunta wasakhowga organic82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) iyo dhammaan kiimikooyinka kale ee loo isticmaalo daraasaddan ayaa laga soo iibsaday HiMedia Laboratories, India.
Soosaarka biosurfactant waxaa lagu sameeyay 500 ml Erlenmeyer galaas oo ka kooban 200 ml oo nadiif ah Bushnell Haas dhexdhexaad ah oo lagu kabay 1% saliid ceyriin ah isha kaarboonka.Hordhac ah Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) ayaa lagu tallaalay oo lagu beeray ruxul orbital at 37°C, 200 rpm muddo 7 maalmood ah.Ka dib xilliga ka-soo-baxa, biosurfactant-ka waxaa la soo saaray iyada oo lagu xoojinayo dhexdhexaadinta dhaqanka 3400×g 20 min at 4°C iyo natiijada ka soo baxda ayaa loo isticmaalay ujeeddooyin baaris.Nidaamyada hagaajinta iyo sifada biosurfactants ayaa laga soo qaatay daraasaddeennii hore26.
Culex quinquefasciatus dirxiga ayaa laga helay Xarunta Daraasaadka Sare ee Cilmi-Bayoolojiga Marine (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (Hindiya).Larvae waxaa lagu koray weelal balaastiig ah oo ay ka buuxaan biyo deionized at 27 ± 2°C iyo xilli sawireed 12:12 (iftiin: madow).Dirxiga kaneecada ayaa la quudiyay 10% xal gulukoos ah.
Dirxiga Culex quinquefasciatus ayaa laga helay taangiyada septic-ga ee furan iyo kuwa aan la ilaalin.Isticmaal tilmaamaha kala soocida caadiga ah si aad u aqoonsato dirxiga dhaqanka ee shaybaarka85.Tijaabooyin larvicidal ayaa la fuliyay iyadoo la raacayo talooyinka Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka 86.SH.Dirxiyada hore ee afaraad ee quinquefasciatus ayaa lagu soo ururiyay tuubooyin xiran oo kooxo ah 25 ml iyo 50 ml oo leh farqiga hawo ee saddex-meelood laba meel awoodooda.Biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) ayaa lagu daray tuubo kasta si gaar ah waxaana lagu kaydiyay 25 °C.Tuubada xakamaynta waxay isticmaashay kaliya biyo la miiray (50 ml).Dirxiga dhintay waxaa loo tixgeliyey inay yihiin kuwa aan muujin calaamado dabaasha inta lagu jiro xilliga dhalmada (12-48 saacadood) 87 .Xisaabi boqolleyda dhimashada dirxiga iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egta.(1)88.
Qoyska Odontotermidae waxaa ka mid ah termite Indian Odontotermes obesus, oo laga helay geedo qudhunsan ee Xarunta Beeraha (Jaamacadda Annamalai, India).Tijaabi biosurfactant-kan (0-50 mg/ml) adoo isticmaalaya hababka caadiga ah si loo go'aamiyo haddii ay waxyeello leedahay.Ka dib markii lagu qalajiyo socodka hawada laminar ee 30 min, xariijin kasta oo warqad Whatman ah ayaa lagu dahaadhay biosurfactant oo ka kooban 30, 40, ama 50 mg/ml.Xariijimaha xaashida hore loo dahaadhay iyo kuwa aan dahaarka lahayn ayaa la tijaabiyay waxaana la barbar dhigay bartamaha saxanka Petri.Saxan kasta oo petri ah waxa uu ka kooban yahay ilaa sodon jirdhis firfircoon O. obesus.Xakamaynta iyo jeexjeexyada tijaabada ah ayaa la siiyay warqad qoyan il cunto ahaan.Dhammaan taarikada waxaa lagu haayay heer kulka qolka inta lagu gudajiro muddada soo celinta.Termites ayaa dhintay ka dib 12, 24, 36 iyo 48 hours89,90.Isla'egta 1 ayaa markaa la isticmaalay si loo qiyaaso boqolkiiba dhimashada dhimashada ee xaddiyada biosurfactant ee kala duwan.(2).
Shaybaarada waxaa lagu hayaa baraf waxaana lagu soo guray microtubes ka kooban 100 ml oo ah 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) waxaana loo diray Xarunta Dhexe ee Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) ee Xarunta Rajiv Gandhi ee Aquaculture (RGCA).Shaybaadhka Histology, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.Degmo, Tamil Nadu, India si loo falanqeeyo.Muunado ayaa isla markiiba lagu hagaajiyay 4% paraformaldehyde at 37°C ilaa 48 saacadood.
Marxaladda hagaajinta ka dib, walxaha waxaa lagu maydhay saddex jeer iyada oo leh 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), oo si tartiib ah u fuuqbaxay ethanol oo lagu qooyay resin LEICA muddo 7 maalmood ah.Walaxda ayaa markaas lagu ridayaa caag ah oo ay ka buuxaan resin iyo polymerizer, ka dibna waxa la dhex dhigayaa foorno kuleyl ilaa 37°C ilaa gogosha ay ku jirto walaxda gebi ahaanba polymerized.
polymerization ka dib, baloogyada ayaa la gooyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) ilaa dhumuc dhan 3 mm.Qaybaha waxaa lagu soo ururiyay boggagyada, oo leh lix qaybood sawirkiiba.Sawirada waxaa lagu qallajiyey heerkulka qolka, ka dibna lagu walaaqay hematoxylin 7 min waxaana lagu maydhay biyo socda 4 min.Intaa waxaa dheer, mari xalka eosin maqaarka 5 daqiiqo oo raaci biyo socda 5 daqiiqo.
Sunta ba'an ayaa la saadaaliyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo noolaha biyaha ee heerar kulaylaha kala duwan: 96-saac kalluun LC50, 48-saac D. magna LC50, iyo 96-saac algae cagaaran EC50.Sunta rhamnolipid biosurfactants ee kalluunka iyo algae cagaaran ayaa lagu qiimeeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo barnaamijka ECOSAR ee nooca 2.2 ee Windows ay soo saartay Hay'adda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka.(Waxaa laga heli karaa onlayn https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Dhammaan tijaabooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa larvicidal iyo antitermite ayaa lagu sameeyay saddex jeer.Dib-u-soo-celinta aan tooska ahayn (log of dose jawaab-celinta doorsoomayaasha) ee xogta dhimashada dirxiga iyo termite ayaa la sameeyay si loo xisaabiyo feejignaanta dhexdhexaadka ah ee dhexdhexaadka ah (LC50) oo leh 95% kalsoonida, iyo qalooca jawaab-celinta diiradda ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo Prism® (nooca 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Daraasadda hadda jirta waxay muujinaysaa suurtagalnimada biosurfactants microbial oo ay soo saartay Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 oo ah kaneecada larvicidal iyo wakiilada antitermite, shaqadani waxay gacan ka geysan doontaa faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan hababka ficil-celinta larvicidal iyo antitermite.Daraasadaha taariikhiga ah ee dirxiga ee lagu daaweeyay biosurfactants ayaa muujiyay dhaawac soo gaaray habka dheef-shiidka, midgut, kiliyaha maskaxda iyo hyperplasia ee unugyada epithelial mindhicirka.Natiijooyinka: Qiimaynta sunta sunta ah ee firfircoonida antitermite iyo larvicidal ee rhamnolipid biosurfactant ee ay soo saartay Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in go'doomintani ay tahay biopesticide suurtagal ah oo loogu talagalay xakamaynta cudurrada vector-borne ee kaneecada (Cx quinquefasciatus) iyo termites (O. obesus).Waxaa jirta baahi loo qabo in la fahmo sunta deegaanka ee hoose ee biosurfactants iyo saameyntooda deegaanka.Daraasadani waxay bixinaysaa aasaas cilmiyaysan oo lagu qiimaynayo khatarta deegaanka ee biosurfactants.
Waqtiga boostada: Abriil-09-2024