Si wax ku ool ahxakamee kaneecadaiyo in la yareeyo dhacdooyinka cudurrada ay sido, istaraatiijiyad, waarta iyo bey'adda u wanaagsan beddelka sunta cayayaanka kiimikada ayaa loo baahan yahay.Waxaan qiimeynay cuntooyinka abuurka laga helo Brassicaceae qaarkood (qoyska Brassica) oo ah isha dhirta ka soo jeeda isothiocyanates ee ay soo saarto enzymatic hydrolysis ee glucosinolates bayooloji ahaan aan firfircoonayn si loogu isticmaalo xakamaynta Aedes Masar (L., 1762).Cunto shinni ah oo shan ah (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 iyo Thlaspi arvense - saddexda nooc ee ugu muhiimsan ee kicinta kulaylka iyo kicinta kiimikada Alaabooyinka Si loo go'aamiyo sunta (LC50) ee allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate iyo 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate ilaa dirxiga Aedes aegypti ee soo-gaadhista 24-saac = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O).Qiimaha LC50 ee khardal, iniin khardal cad iyo dabada.Cuntada abuurku waxay ahayd 0.05, 0.08 iyo 0.05 siday u kala horreeyaan marka la barbar dhigo allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) iyo 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) waxay ahayd sun ka badan dirxiga iyada oo loo marayo 24 saacadood ka dib daaweynta g / 10.1.Natiijooyinkani waxay la jaan qaadayaan wax soo saarka abuurka alfalfa.Waxtarka sare ee benzyl esters waxay u dhigantaa qiimayaasha LC50 la xisaabiyay.Isticmaalka cuntada shinnidu waxay ku siin kartaa hab wax ku ool ah oo kaneecada ah.waxtarka budada abuurka cruciferous iyo qaybaheeda ugu muhiimsan ee kiimikaad ee ka soo horjeeda dirxiga kaneecada waxayna muujineysaa sida isku dhafka dabiiciga ah ee budada abuurka cruciferous ay u adeegi karto sidii larvicide jawi saaxiibtinimo leh oo loogu talagalay xakamaynta kaneecada.
Cudurada ka dhasha kaneecada Aedes ayaa weli ah dhibaato caafimaad oo weyn oo caalami ah.Dhacdooyinka xanuunada kaneecadu waxay ku fidaan juqraafi ahaan1,2,3 wayna soo laba kacleeyaan, taasoo keentay inay dillaacaan cuduro daran4,5,6,7.Cudurada ku faafa dadka iyo xoolaha (tusaale, chikungunya, dengue, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever iyo virus Zika) waa mid aan horay loo arag.Qandhada Dengue oo keliya ayaa ku dhawaad 3.6 bilyan oo qof halis ugu jira infekshannada kulaylaha, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay 390 milyan oo caabuq ah sannadkii, taasoo keentay 6,100-24,300 dhimasho sannadkii8.Soo noqoshada iyo ka dillaaca fayraska Zika ee Koonfurta Ameerika ayaa soo jiitay indhaha caalamka sababtoo ah dhaawaca maskaxda ee uu u geysto carruurta ay dhalaan haweenka cudurka qaba2.Kremer et al 3 ayaa saadaaliyay in tirada juqraafiyeed ee kaneecada Aedes ay sii wadi doonto ballaarinta iyo in 2050, kala bar dadka adduunka ay halis ugu jiraan infekshinka arboviruses-ka kaneecada.
Marka laga reebo tallaalada dhawaan la sameeyay ee ka hortagga dengue iyo yellow fever, tallaalada ka hortagga inta badan cudurada kaneecada ayaan wali la samaynin9,10,11.Tallaalada ayaa weli lagu heli karaa tiro xaddidan waxaana loo isticmaalaa oo keliya tijaabooyinka bukaan-socodka.Xakamaynta xididada kaneecada iyadoo la adeegsanayo sunta cayayaanka synthetic waxay ahayd istiraatijiyad muhiim ah oo lagu xakameynayo fiditaanka cudurada kaneecada ka qaado12,13.In kasta oo sunta cayayaanka ee synthetic ay waxtar u leeyihiin dilka kaneecada, isticmaalka joogtada ah ee sunta cayayaanka synthetic waxay si xun u saameeyaan noolaha aan bartilmaameedka ahayn waxayna wasakheeyaan deegaanka14,15,16.Xitaa ka sii walaac badan ayaa ah isbeddelka sii kordhaya iska caabinta kaneecada ee cayayaanka kiimikada17,18,19.Dhibaatooyinkan la xidhiidha sunta cayayaanka ayaa soo dedejiyey raadinta wax ku ool ah iyo beddelaad deegaanka u wanaagsan si loo xakameeyo xididada cudurada.
Dhir kala duwan ayaa loo sameeyay ilaha phytopesticides ee xakamaynta cayayaanka20,21.Walxaha dhirta guud ahaan waa kuwo deegaanka u saaxiib ah sababtoo ah waa noole deg deg ah oo waxay leeyihiin sunta hoose ama dayacan ee noolaha aan bartilmaameedka lahayn sida naasleyda, kalluunka iyo amphibians20,22.Diyaargarowga dhirta waxaa loo yaqaanaa in ay soo saaraan noocyo kala duwan oo xeryahooda bioactive ah oo leh habab kala duwan oo ficil ah si ay si wax ku ool ah u xakameeyaan marxaladaha nolosha ee kala duwan ee kaneecada23,24,25,26.Iskudhisyada ka soo jeeda dhirta sida saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah iyo maaddooyinka kale ee firfircoon ee dhirta ayaa helay dareenka waxayna u gogol xaarayaan qalab cusub oo lagu xakameynayo vector-ka kaneecada.Saliidaha muhiimka ah, monoterpenes iyo sesquiterpenes waxay u dhaqmaan sidii dib-u-celin, quudin celin iyo ovicides27,28,29,30,31,32,33.Saliidaha khudradda badani waxay sababaan dhimashada dirxiga kaneecada, pupae iyo dadka waaweyn34,35,36, saameeya neerfaha, neefsiga, endocrine iyo hababka kale ee muhiimka ah ee cayayaanka37.
Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay waxay bixiyeen aragti ku saabsan isticmaalka suurtagalka ah ee dhirta khardalrada iyo iniinahooda sida isha xeryahooda bioactive.Cunto iniin khardal ah ayaa loo tijaabiyay inay tahay biofumigant38,39,40,41 waxaana loo adeegsaday wax ka bedelka carrada xakamaynta haramaha42,43,44 iyo xakamaynta cudur-sidaha dhirta ka soo baxa carrada45,46,47,48,49,50, nafaqada dhirta.nematodes 41,51, 52, 53, 54 iyo cayayaanka 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Waxqabadka fungicidal ee budada abuurkan waxaa loo aaneynayaa xeryahooda ilaalinta dhirta ee loo yaqaan isothiocyanates38,42,60.Dhirta dhexdeeda, xeryahooda difaaca waxa lagu kaydiyaa unugyada dhirta qaab glucosinolates oo aan bioactive ahayn.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka dhirta ay waxyeello u geystaan quudinta cayayaanka ama caabuqa pathogene, glucosinolates waxaa hydrolyzed by myrosinase galay bioactive isothiocyanates55,61.Isothiocyanates waa xayndaabyo kacsan oo loo yaqaan inay leeyihiin fal-celin ballaaran oo antimicrobial iyo cayayaan, iyo qaabdhismeedkooda, dhaqdhaqaaqa bayoolojiga iyo waxa ku jira ayaa aad ugu kala duwan noocyada Brassicaceae42,59,62,63.
Inkasta oo isothiocyanates oo ka soo jeeda cuntada iniin khardal ah la og yahay inay leeyihiin firfircoonida cayayaanka, xogta ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa bayoolojiga ee ka soo horjeeda vectors arthropod caafimaad ahaan muhiim ah ayaa maqan.Daraasadayadu waxay baadhay waxqabadka dirxiga ee afar budo oo shinni ah oo ka soo horjeeda kaneecada Aedes.Larvae ee Aedes aegypti.Ujeedada daraasaddu waxay ahayd in la qiimeeyo isticmaalkooda suurtagalka ah ee ka hortagga kaneecada ee deegaanka u wanaagsan.Saddex qaybood oo kiimiko ah oo waaweyn oo ka mid ah cuntada abuurka, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), iyo 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) ayaa sidoo kale la tijaabiyey si loo tijaabiyo dhaqdhaqaaqa noole ee qaybahan kiimikaad ee dirxiga kaneecada.Tani waa warbixintii ugu horeysay ee lagu qiimeeyo waxtarka afar xabo oo kaabash ah iyo qaybahooda ugu muhiimsan ee kiimikooyinka ka dhanka ah dirxiga kaneecada.
Qaybaha shaybaadhka ee Aedes aegypti (Rockefeller strain) ayaa lagu hayaa 26°C, 70% qoyaan qaraabo ah (RH) iyo 10:14 h (L:D photoperiod).Dumar la qoonsaday waxaa lagu xareeyay qafis balaastiig ah (dherer 11 cm iyo dhexroor 9.5 cm) waxaana lagu quudin jiray habka quudinta dhalada iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhiiga bovine citrated (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA).Quudinta dhiiga waxaa lagu fuliyay sidii caadiga ahayd iyadoo la adeegsanayo feederiyaha muraayadaha badan ee xuubka (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) oo ku xidhan tuubada qubayska biyaha wareega wareega (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) oo leh heerkul xakamaynta 37 °C.Ku fidi filimka Parafilm M xagga hoose ee qol kasta oo dhalo ah (meel 154 mm2).Quudiye kasta ayaa markaa la dul saaray shabagga sare ee daboolaya qafiska ay ku jirto dheddigga lammaane.Qiyaastii 350-400 μl oo dhiiga lo'da ah ayaa lagu daray maro quudiyaha dhalooyinka iyadoo la isticmaalayo pipette Pasteur (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) iyo gooryaanka qaangaarka ah ayaa loo oggolaaday inay dareeraan ugu yaraan hal saac.dheddigga uurka leh ayaa markaa la siiyay 10% xal sukrose ah waxaana loo oggolaaday inay ukumaha ku dul dhigaan warqad shaandheysa qoyan oo ku safan koobab soufflé oo gaar ah (1.25 fl oz size, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA).qafis biyo leh.Ku rid warqad filter ah oo ukun ku jirto bac xiran (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) kuna kaydi 26°C.Ukumaha waa la dillaacay oo qiyaastii 200-250 dirxi ayaa lagu soo saaray saxaarad caag ah oo ay ku jiraan isku dhafka bakaylaha (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) iyo budada beerka (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA).iyo kalluunka kalluunka (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Germany) ee saamiga 2: 1: 1.Dirxiga hore ee saddexaad ee dambe ayaa loo adeegsaday bioassaysyada.
Walxaha abuur warshadeed ee loo isticmaalo daraasaddan waxaa laga helay ilaha ganacsiga iyo dawladda ee soo socda: Brassica juncea (brown mustard-Pacific Gold) iyo Brassica juncea (cadaan mustard-ida Gold) oo ka socota Iskaashatada Beeralayda ee Waqooyi-galbeed ee Pacific, Gobolka Washington, USA;(Garden Cress) oo ka socda Kelly Seed iyo Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, USA iyo Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) oo ka socda USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA;Mid ka mid ah iniinaha loo adeegsaday daraasadda laguma daweynin sunta cayayaanka.Dhammaan walxaha abuurka waa la habeeyey oo loo adeegsaday daraasaddan si waafaqsan xeerarka maxalliga ah iyo kuwa qaranka iyo iyadoo la raacayo dhammaan xeerarka gobolka iyo qaranka ee khuseeya.Daraasadani ma baarin noocyada dhirta transgenic.
Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), Khardal cad (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) iniinaha ayaa lagu rusheeyey budo fiican iyadoo la adeegsanayo mashiinka ultracentrifugal ee Retsch ZM200 (Retsch, Haan, Germany) oo ku qalabaysan 0.75 mm mesh iyo Stainless rotor bir, 12 ilkood, 10,000 rpm (Shaxda 1).Budada abuurka dhulka waxa lagu wareejiyay xashiish warqad ah oo lagu dufay hexane oo ku jira qalab Soxhlet ah 24 saac.Tusaalo hoose oo ah iniin khardal le'eg ayaa lagu daweeyay kulayl 100 °C ah 1 saac si loo denature myrosinase loogana hortago hydrolysis of glucosinolates si ay u sameeyaan isothiocyanates noole firfircoon.Kuleylka lagu daaweeyay budada abuurka horsetail (DFP-HT) ayaa loo isticmaalay xakameyn taban iyadoo laga saarayo myrosinase.
Maadada Glucosinolate ee cunnada shinnida dufanka leh waxaa lagu go'aamiyay saddex jeer iyadoo la isticmaalayo chromatography dareeraha waxqabadka sare leh (HPLC) sida ku cad borotokoolka 64 hore loo daabacay.Si kooban, 3 ml oo methanol ah ayaa lagu daray muunad 250 mg ah oo budada shinnida ah.Muunad kasta waxaa lagu soniced biyaha qubeyska 30 daqiiqo waxaana looga tagay mugdi 23°C ilaa 16 saacadood.1 ml aliquot oo ah lakabka organic ayaa markaa lagu sifeeyay shaandhaynta 0.45 μm oo la galiyay autosampler.Ku shaqeynta nidaamka Shimadzu HPLC (laba bambooyin LC 20AD ah; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector si loogu kormeero 237 nm; iyo module baska isgaarsiinta CBM-20A), nuxurka glucosinolate ee cuntada abuurka ayaa la go'aamiyay. oo saddex geesood ah .iyadoo la isticmaalayo Shimadzu LC Solution software nooca 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA).Tiirku wuxuu ahaa C18 Inertsil tiir weji rogaal celis ah (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, USA).Xaaladaha wajiga hore ee wareega wareega waxaa lagu dejiyay 12% methanol/88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide ee biyaha (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) oo leh qulqulka qulqulka 1 mL / min.Ka dib markii la isku duro 15 μl oo muunad ah, xaaladaha bilowga ah ayaa la ilaaliyay 20 daqiiqo, ka dibna saamiga dareeraha waxaa lagu hagaajiyay 100% methanol, wadarta guud ee falanqaynta muunada ee 65 daqiiqo.Qalooca caadiga ah (nM/mAb ku salaysan) ayaa lagu sameeyay musqulo taxane ah oo sinapine, glucosinolate iyo myrosin oo dhawaan la diyaariyey (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) si loo qiyaaso nuxurka baaruudda ee cuntada shinnida la cayriyey.glucosinolates.Heerarka Glucosinolate ee shaybaarada ayaa lagu tijaabiyay Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) iyadoo la adeegsanayo OpenLAB CDS ChemStation nooca (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) oo ku qalabaysan isla tiir iyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo hab hore loo sifeeyay.Heerarka Glucosinolate ayaa la go'aamiyay;la barbar dhigo nidaamyada HPLC.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, xasilloon) iyo benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) ayaa laga soo iibsaday Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate waxaa laga soo iibsaday ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA).Marka enzymatically hydrolyzed by myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, iyo glucosinolates sameeyaan allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, iyo 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate, siday u kala horreeyaan.
Bioassays shaybaarka ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo loo eegayo habka Muturi et al.32 oo leh wax ka beddel.Shan quudin abuur-dufan ayaa loo isticmaalay daraasadda: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG iyo Ls.Labaatan dirxi ayaa la dhex dhigay 400 mL oo la tuuri karo saddex-gees beaker (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) oo ka kooban 120 mL biyo deionized (dH2O).Toddoba xabbo oo cunto shinni ah ayaa lagu tijaabiyey sunta dirxiga kaneecada: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 iyo 0.12 g cuntada shinni/120 ml dH2O ee cuntada shinnida DFP, DFP-HT, IG iyo PG.Baadhitaano horudhac ah oo bioassays ah ayaa tilmaamaya in burka iniinaha Ls ee la naaqusay uu ka sun badan yahay afar daqiiq oo kale oo la tijaabiyay.Sidaa darteed, waxaanu ku hagaajinay todobada daawaynta ee cuntada abuurka Ls ee soo socota: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, iyo 0.075 g/120 mL dH2O.
Koox kontorool ah oo aan la daawayn (dH20, ma jiraan cunto kabitaan abuur ah) ayaa lagu daray si loo qiimeeyo dhimashada cayayaanka caadiga ah ee xaaladaha qiimaynta.Bioassays sunta sunta ah ee cunno kasta oo abuur ah waxaa ku jiray saddex beeri oo saddex jibaaran (20 goor dambe oo dirxiga saddexaad ee instar per beaker), wadar ahaan 108 fijaan.Weelasha la daweeyay ayaa lagu kaydiyay heerkulka qolka (20-21°C) iyo dhimashada dirxiga ayaa la diiwaan galiyay 24 iyo 72 saacadood ee soo-gaadhista joogtada ah ee uruurinta daawaynta.Haddii jidhka kaneecada iyo lifaaqyada ku dheggan aanay dhaqaaqin marka la dalooliyo ama lagu taabto spatula bir dhuuban, dirxiga kaneecada ayaa loo arkaa mid dhintay.Dirxiga dhintay inta badan waxay ahaanayaan dhaqdhaqaaq la'aan iyagoo ku jira booska dhabarka ama hawo-mareenka ee hoose ee weelka ama dusha biyaha.Tijaabada ayaa lagu soo celiyay saddex jeer maalmo kala duwan iyadoo la adeegsanayo kooxo kala duwan oo dirxiyo ah, wadar ahaan 180 dirxi oo soo gaadhay feejignaan kasta oo daaweyn ah.
Sunta AITC, BITC, iyo 4-HBITC ee dirxiga kaneecada ayaa lagu qiimeeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo habraaca bioassay la mid ah laakiin la daawayn kala duwan.U diyaari 100,000 ppm xalal kayd ah kiimiko kasta adiga oo ku daraya 100 µL oo kiimikaad ah 900 µL of ethanol absolute in tube centrifuge 2-mL oo rux ilaa 30 ilbiriqsi si aad si fiican isugu walaaqdo.Xaddiga daawaynta ayaa la go'aamiyay iyadoo lagu salaynayo bioassaysyada hordhaca ah, kaasoo ogaaday in BITC ay aad uga sun badan tahay AITC iyo 4-HBITC.Si loo go'aamiyo sunta, 5 uruurinta BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 iyo 12 ppm), 7 uruurinta AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 iyo 35 ppm) iyo 6 uruurinta 4-HBITC (15) , 15, 20, 25, 30 iyo 35 ppm).30, 45, 60, 75 iyo 90 ppm).Daaweynta xakamaynta waxaa lagu duray 108 μL oo ethanol ah, taas oo u dhiganta qiyaasta ugu badan ee daaweynta kiimikada.Bioassays ayaa lagu soo celceliyay sida kor ku xusan, oo kashifay wadarta 180 dirxiga halkii daawaynta.Dhimashada Larval ayaa la diiwaangeliyay uruurinta AITC, BITC, iyo 4-HBITC ka dib 24 saacadood oo soo-gaadhis joogto ah.
Falanqaynta faa'iidada ee 65 qiyaasta xogta dhimashada ee la xiriirta qiyaasta waxaa lagu sameeyay software Polo (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, version 1.0) si loo xisaabiyo 50% feejignaanta dilaaga ah (LC50), 90% feejignaanta dilaaga (LC90), jiirada, qiyaasta qiyaasta halista ah, iyo 95 % feejignaanta dilaaga ah.iyadoo lagu saleynayo is-aaminaadyada kala-soocidda qiyaasta qiyaasta dilaaga ah ee u-fiirsashada log-beddelay iyo qalooca qiyaasta-dhimashada.Xogta dhimashadu waxay ku salaysan tahay xogta isku-darka ah ee 180 dirxiyada ah ee soo gaadhay diiradda daaweynta kasta.Falanqaynta suurtogalka ah ayaa si gaar ah loogu sameeyay cunto abuur kasta iyo qayb kasta oo kiimiko ah.Iyada oo ku saleysan 95% muddada kalsoonida ee saamiga qiyaasta dilaaga ah, sunta cuntada abuurka iyo walxaha kiimikaad ee dirxiga kaneecada ayaa loo tixgeliyey inay si weyn u kala duwan yihiin, sidaa darteed muddada kalsoonida ee ka kooban qiimaha 1 aad uma kala duwana, P = 0.0566.
Natiijooyinka HPLC ee go'aaminta gulukoosinolatyada waaweyn ee burka abuurka defaftirka ah DFP, IG, PG iyo Ls waxay ku taxan yihiin Jaantuska 1. Glucosinolatyada waaweyn ee burooyinka abuurka la tijaabiyey way kala duwanaayeen marka laga reebo DFP iyo PG, kuwaas oo labaduba ka kooban myrosinase glucosinolates.Maadada myrosinin ee PG waxay ka sarraysay DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 iyo 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, siday u kala horreeyaan.Budada abuurka Ls waxaa ku jira 36.6 ± 1.2 mg / g glucoglycone, halka budada IG ay ku jirto 38.0 ± 0.5 mg / g sinapine.
Larvae ee Ae.Kaneecada Aedes aegypti ayaa la dilay markii lagu daweeyay cunnooyin shinni ah, in kasta oo waxtarka daawaynta ay kala duwan tahay iyadoo ku xiran nooca geedka.Kaliya DFP-NT ayaan sun ahayn dirxiga kaneecada kadib 24 iyo 72 saac ee soo-gaadhista (Shaxda 2).Sunta budada abuurka firfircoon waxay korodhay xoojinta xoojinta (Sawir 1A, B).Sunta cuntada shinnida ee dirxiga kaneecada ayaa si weyn u kala duwanaatay iyadoo lagu saleynayo 95% CI ee saamiga qiyaasta dilaaga ah ee LC50 ee qiimeynta 24-saac iyo 72-saacadood (Shaxda 3).24 saacadood ka dib, saamaynta sunta ah ee cuntada abuurka Ls ayaa ka weynayd daawaynta cuntada abuurka kale, oo leh hawsha ugu badan iyo sunta ugu badan ee dirxiga (LC50 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O).Larvae waxay u nugul yihiin DFP saacadaha 24 marka la barbar dhigo IG, Ls iyo PG daaweynta budada abuurka, oo leh LC50 qiimaha 0.115, 0.04 iyo 0.08 g / 120 ml dH2O siday u kala horreeyaan, kuwaas oo xisaab ahaan ka sarreeya qiimaha LC50.0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Shaxda 3).Qiimaha LC90 ee DFP, IG, PG iyo Ls waxay ahaayeen 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 iyo 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, siday u kala horreeyaan (Shaxda 2).Xaddiga ugu sarreeya ee DPP wuxuu ahaa 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O.Kadib 24 saacadood oo qiimayn ah, celceliska dhimashada dirxiga ayaa ahaa kaliya 12%, halka celceliska dhimashada IG iyo dirxiga PG uu gaadhay 51% iyo 82%, siday u kala horreeyaan.Ka dib 24 saacadood oo qiimeyn ah, celceliska dhimashada dirxiga ee qiyaasta ugu sarreysa ee daaweynta cuntada abuurka Ls (0.075 g/120 ml dH2O) waxay ahayd 99% (Jaantus. 1A).
Curyaaminta dhimashada ayaa lagu qiyaasay jawaabta qiyaasta (Probit) ee Ae.Dirxiga Masar (Drxiyada hore ee 3aad) ilaa abuurka cuntada 24 saacadood (A) iyo 72 saacadood (B) daawaynta ka dib.Xariiqda dhibicda leh waxay u taagan tahay LC50 ee daaweynta cuntada abuurka.DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat aan firfircoonayn Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Dahabka Pacific), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Qiimaynta saacadaha 72-saacadaha, qiimayaasha LC50 ee DFP, IG iyo PG cunnada abuurka abuurka waxay ahaayeen 0.111, 0.085 iyo 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O, siday u kala horreeyaan.Ku dhawaad dhammaan dirxiga soo gaadhay cuntada abuurka Ls ayaa dhintay ka dib 72 saacadood ee soo-gaadhista, markaa xogta dhimashadu waxay ahayd mid aan waafaqsanayn falanqaynta Probit.Marka la barbardhigo cuntooyinka kale ee shinnida, dirxiga ayaa aad ugu nugul daawaynta cuntada abuurka DFP waxayna lahaayeen tirokoob ahaan qiimayaasha LC50 (Shaxda 2 iyo 3).72 saacadood ka dib, qiimayaasha LC50 ee DFP, IG iyo PG daawaynta cuntada shinnida ayaa lagu qiyaasay 0.111, 0.085 iyo 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, siday u kala horreeyaan.Ka dib 72 saacadood oo qiimeyn ah, qiimaha LC90 ee DFP, IG iyo PG budada abuurku waxay ahaayeen 0.215, 0.254 iyo 0.138 g / 120 ml dH2O, siday u kala horreeyaan.Ka dib 72 saacadood oo qiimayn ah, celceliska dhimashada dirxiga ee DFP, IG iyo PG ee daawaynta cuntada iniinaha ee ugu badnaan 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O waxay ahayd 58%, 66% iyo 96%, siday u kala horreeyaan (Jaantus. 1B).Qiimaynta 72-saac ka dib, cuntada shinnida PG waxaa la ogaaday inay ka sun badan tahay IG iyo cuntada shinnida DFP.
isothiocyanates synthetic, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) iyo 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) waxay si wax ku ool ah u dili karaan dirxiga kaneecada.24 saacadood daawaynta ka dib, BITC waxay aad ugu suntan dirxiga leh LC50 qiimaha 5.29 ppm marka la barbar dhigo 19.35 ppm AITC iyo 55.41 ppm 4-HBITC (Shaxda 4).Marka la barbar dhigo AITC iyo BITC, 4-HBITC waxay leedahay suntan hoose iyo qiime sare oo LC50 ah.Waxaa jira farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya sunta dirxiga kaneecada ee labada isothiocyanates ee waaweyn (Ls iyo PG) ee cuntada abuur ee ugu awooda badan.Sunta ku salaysan qiyaasta qiyaasta dilaaga ah ee LC50 ee u dhaxaysa AITC, BITC, iyo 4-HBITC waxay muujisay farqi xisaabeed sida 95% CI ee qiyaasta qiyaasta dilaaga ah ee LC50 kuma jiraan qiimaha 1 (P = 0.05, Shaxda 4).Xaddiga ugu sarreeya ee BITC iyo AITC labadaba waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay dileen 100% dirxiga la tijaabiyey (Jaantuska 2).
Curyaaminta dhimashada ayaa lagu qiyaasay jawaabta qiyaasta (Probit) ee Ae.24 saacadood ka dib daawaynta, dirxiga Masaarida (Drxiyada 3rd instar) waxay gaareen uruurinta isothiocyanate synthetic.Xariiqda dhibicda leh waxay u taagan tahay LC50 daawaynta isothiocyanate.Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC iyo 4-HBITC.
Isticmaalka dawooyinka biopesticide ee dhirta sida wakiilada kaneecada ee kaneecada ayaa muddo dheer la darsay.Dhir badan ayaa soo saara kiimikooyin dabiici ah oo leh firfircoonida cayayaanka.Xeryahooda bioactive-ka ah waxay bixiyaan beddel soo jiidasho leh oo loo beddelo cayayaanka synthetic oo leh awood weyn oo lagu xakameynayo cayayaanka, oo ay ku jiraan kaneecada.
Geedaha mustard waxa loo beeraa dalagga iniinahooda, oo loo isticmaalo xawaashka iyo isha saliidda.Marka saliidda khardal laga soo saaro iniinaha ama marka iniin khardal la soo saaro si loogu isticmaalo sidii bayofuel ahaan, 69 ka-soo-baxa waa cunno shinni ah oo dufan.Cunnada abuurkan waxay haysaa qaar badan oo ka mid ah qaybaheeda biochemical ee dabiiciga ah iyo enzymes hydrolytic.Sunta cuntadan iniinaha ah waxaa loo aaneynayaa soosaarka isothiocyanates55,60,61.Isothiocyanates waxaa sameeyay hydrolysis of glucosinolates by enzyme myrosinase inta lagu guda jiro fuuq-baxa cuntada abuurka38,55,70 waxaana loo yaqaanaa in ay leeyihiin fungicidal, bactericidal, nematicidal iyo saamaynta cayayaanka, iyo sidoo kale guryaha kale oo ay ku jiraan saamaynta dareenka kiimikada iyo guryaha kiimikaad61,62, 70.Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa muujiyay in dhirta khardal iyo iniinuhu ay si wax ku ool ah u dhaqmaan sida fumigants ka soo horjeeda ciidda iyo cayayaanka cuntada kaydsan57,59,71,72.Daraasaddan, waxaanu ku qiimaynay sunta cuntada afar-abuurka ah iyo saddexda waxsoosaar ee noolaha AITC, BITC, iyo 4-HBITC ilaa dirxiga kaneecada Aedes.Aedes egypti.Ku darista cuntada abuurka si toos ah biyaha ay ku jiraan dirxiga kaneecada ayaa la filayaa inay dhaqaajiso hababka enzymatic ee soo saara isothiocyanates kuwaas oo sun u ah dirxiga kaneecada.Isbeddelka noole waxaa lagu muujiyey qayb ahaan waxqabadka la arkay ee cunnada abuurka iyo luminta firfircoonida cayayaanka marka cuntada iniin khardal ah lagu daweeyey kulaylka kahor intaan la isticmaalin.Daawaynta kulaylka ayaa la filayaa in ay burburiso enzymes-ka hydrolytic ee dhaqaajiya glucosinolates, taas oo ka hortagaysa samaynta isothiocyanates bioactive.Tani waa daraasadii ugu horeysay ee lagu xaqiijiyo sifooyinka cayayaanka ee budada abuur kaabashka ee kaneecada ee deegaanka biyaha.
Waxaa ka mid ah budada abuur ee la tijaabiyay, budada abuurka watercress (Ls) waxay ahayd tan ugu sunta badan, taasoo keentay dhimashada sare ee Aedes albopictus.Dirxiga Aedes aegypti ayaa si joogto ah loo farsameeyay muddo 24 saacadood ah.Saddexda abuurka budada ah ee soo hadhay (PG, IG iyo DFP) waxay lahaayeen dhaqdhaqaaq gaabis ah oo wali sababay dhimasho la taaban karo ka dib 72 saacadood oo daaweyn joogto ah.Cuntada iniinta Ls oo kaliya ayaa ka koobnayd xaddi aad u badan oo glucosinolates ah, halka PG iyo DFP ay ku jiraan myrosinase iyo IG ka kooban glucosinolate sida glucosinolate weyn (Shaxda 1).Glucotropaeolin waxa lagu shubaa biyo lagu shubay BITC iyo sinalbine waxa lagu shubaa 4-HBITC61,62.Natiijooyinkayada bioassay-ga waxay muujinayaan in labadaba cuntada abuurka Ls iyo BITC synthetic ay aad ugu suntan dirxiga kaneecada.Qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee cuntada abuurka PG iyo DFP waa myrosinase glucosinolate, kaas oo lagu shubay AITC.AITC waxay wax ku ool u tahay inay disho dirxiga kaneecada oo qiimaheedu yahay LC50 oo ah 19.35 ppm.Marka la barbardhigo AITC iyo BITC, 4-HBITC isothiocyanate waa sunta ugu yar ee dirxiga.In kasta oo AITC ay ka sun yar tahay BITC, qiimahooda LC50 ayaa ka hooseeya saliidaha muhiimka ah ee badan ee lagu tijaabiyay dirxiga kaneecada32,73,74,75.
Budada abuurka cruciferous ee loo isticmaalo ka hortagga dirxiga kaneecada ayaa ka kooban hal glucosinolate weyn, oo ka dhigan in ka badan 98-99% wadarta glucosinolates sida ay go'aamisay HPLC.Xaddiga raadraaca ee glucosinolates kale ayaa la ogaaday, laakiin heerarkoodu waxa ay ka yaraayeen 0.3% wadarta glucosinolates.Watercress (L. sativum) budada abuurka waxaa ku jira glucosinolates sare (sinigrin), laakiin saamigoodu waa 1% wadarta glucosinolates, iyo nuxurkoodu wali waa mid aan qiimo lahayn (qiyaastii 0.4 mg / g budada abuurka).In kasta oo PG iyo DFP ay ku jiraan glucosinolate (myrosin) isku mid ah, firfircoonida larvicidal ee cunnooyinkooda abuur aad ayay u kala duwan yihiin qiimahooda LC50 awgeed.Waxay ku kala duwan tahay suntan iyo caariyaysi budada ah.Soo ifbaxa dirxiga Aedes aegypti waxaa laga yaabaa inay sabab u tahay kala duwanaanshaha dhaqdhaqaaqa myrosinase ama xasiloonida u dhaxaysa labada quudin abuur.Dhaqdhaqaaqa Myrosinase ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara helitaanka bioavailability ee alaabta hydrolysis sida isothiocyanates ee dhirta Brassicaceae76.Warbixinadii hore ee Pocock et al.77 iyo Wilkinson et al.78 ayaa muujiyay in isbeddelka dhaqdhaqaaqa myrosinase iyo xasilloonida ay sidoo kale la xiriirto arrimaha hiddaha iyo deegaanka.
Waxyaabaha la filayo ee isothiocyanate bioactive waxaa lagu xisaabiyay iyadoo lagu salaynayo qiimaha LC50 ee cunno kasta oo abuur ah 24 iyo 72 saacadood (Shaxda 5) marka la barbardhigo codsiyada kiimikada ee u dhigma.24 saacadood ka dib, isothiocyanates ee ku jira cuntada abuurka ayaa ka sun badan xeryahooda saafiga ah.Qiimaha LC50 ee lagu xisaabiyay qaybo ka mid ah halkii milyan (ppm) ee daawaynta abuur isothiocyanate waxay ka hooseeyaan LC50 ee codsiyada BITC, AITC, iyo 4-HBITC.Waxaan aragnay dirxiga oo cunaya pellets cuntada abuurka (Jaantuska 3A).Sidaa darteed, dirxiga waxaa laga yaabaa inay helaan soo-gaadhis badan oo sunta isothiocyanates iyagoo la dhuuqa pellets cuntada abuurka.Tani waxay si cad uga muuqatay daawaynta cuntada shinnida IG iyo PG ee soo-gaadhista 24-saac, halkaas oo uruurinta LC50 ay 75% iyo 72% ka hoosaysay daawaynta AITC saafiga ah iyo 4-HBITC, siday u kala horreeyaan.Daawaynta Ls iyo DFP waxay ahaayeen kuwo ka sun badan isothiocyanate saafi ah, oo leh LC50 qiyamka 24% iyo 41% hoose, siday u kala horreeyaan.Dirxiga ku jira daawaynta xakamaynta ayaa si guul leh u nuugay (Jaantus. 3B), halka inta badan dirxiga ku jira daawaynta cuntada iniinaha aysan ku dhicin korriinka dirxiga ayaa si weyn dib u dhac ku yimid (Jaantus. 3B,D).Spodopteralitura, isothiocyanates waxay la xiriirtaa dib u dhac korriin iyo dib u dhac korriin79.
Larvae ee Ae.Kaneecada Aedes aegypti ayaa si joogto ah u soo gaadhay budada abuur Brassica 24-72 saacadood.(A) Dirxiga dhintay oo qaybo ka mid ah afka afka ku leh qaybo cunto abuurka ah (goobaysan);(B) Daawaynta xakamaynta (dH20 iyada oo aan lagu darin cuntada abuurka) waxay tusinaysaa in dirxiga ay si caadi ah u koraan oo ay bilaabaan inay ursadaan 72 saacadood ka dib (C, D) Larvae oo lagu daweeyay cunto abuurka;Cuntada abuurku waxay muujisay kala duwanaansho xagga horumarka ah mana aysan dhicin.
Ma aanan baranin habka sunta saamaynta isothiocyanates ee dirxiga kaneecada.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasadihii hore ee quraanjada dabka cas (Solenopsis invicta) ayaa muujisay in joojinta glutathione S-transferase (GST) iyo esterase (EST) ay tahay habka ugu muhiimsan ee bioactivity isothiocyanate, iyo AITC, xitaa dhaqdhaqaaqa hooseeya, waxay sidoo kale joojin karaan dhaqdhaqaaqa GST. .Qudhaanjadii dabka ee casaanka laga keenay oo xaddigeedu yar yahay.Qiyaasta waa 0.5 µg/ml80.Taas bedelkeeda, AITC waxay joojisaa acetylcholinesterase ee weevils galleyda qaangaarka ah (Sitophilus zeamais)81.Daraasado la mid ah waa in la sameeyaa si loo caddeeyo habka waxqabadka isothiocyanate ee dirxiga kaneecada.
Waxaan u isticmaalnaa daawaynta DFP kuleyl la'aanta ah si aan u taageerno soo jeedinta in hydrolysis of glucosinolates dhirta si ay u sameeyaan isothiocyanates fal-celin ah waxay u adeegtaa sidii hab lagu xakameynayo dirxiga kaneecada ee cuntada iniin khardal ah.Cuntada shinnida DFP-HT ma ahayn sun marka loo eego heerarka codsiga ee la tijaabiyay.Lafarga iyo al.82 ayaa sheegay in glucosinolates ay u nugul yihiin xaalufka heerkulka sare.Daawaynta kulaylka ayaa sidoo kale la filayaa inay ka saarto enzyme myrosinase ee cuntada abuurka iyo ka hortagga hydrolysis ee glucosinolates si ay u sameeyaan isothiocyanates fal-celin ah.Tan waxaa sidoo kale xaqiijiyay Okunade et al.75 waxay muujisay in myrosinase uu yahay mid xasaasi u ah heerkulka, taas oo muujinaysa in dhaqdhaqaaqa myrosinase uu gebi ahaanba shaqayn waayay markii iniin khardal ah, iniin khardal madow, iyo iniinaha dhiiga ay la kulmeen heerkul ka sarreeya 80 °.C. Nidaamyadani waxay keeni karaan luminta dhaqdhaqaaqa cayayaanka ee cuntada abuurka DFP ee kulaylka lagu daweeyay.
Haddaba, cuntada iniin khardal ah iyo saddexdeeda isothiocyanates ee waaweyn waxay sun u yihiin dirxiga kaneecada.Marka la eego faraqa u dhexeeya cuntada abuurka iyo daawaynta kiimikaad, isticmaalka cuntada abuurka waxa laga yaabaa inay noqoto hab wax ku ool ah oo kaneecada loo xakameeyo.Waxaa jira baahi loo qabo in la aqoonsado qaababka ku habboon iyo hababka wax-u-bixinta wax ku oolka ah si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka iyo xasilloonida isticmaalka budada abuurka.Natiijooyinkayagu waxay muujinayaan isticmaalka suurtagalka ah ee cunnada iniin khardal ah si ay u beddelaan sunta cayayaanka synthetic.Farsamadani waxay noqon kartaa qalab cusub oo lagu xakameynayo vector-ka kaneecada.Sababtoo ah dirxiga kaneecadu waxay ku koraan bay'ada biyaha iyo cuntada abuurka glucosinolates ayaa si enzymatic ahaan loogu beddelaa isothiocyanates firfircoon markay fuuqbaxdo, isticmaalka iniinaha iniinaha khardal ah ee biyaha kaneecada ku badan tahay waxay siinaysaa awood kontorool oo muhiim ah.Inkasta oo dhaqdhaqaaqa larvicidal ee isothiocyanates uu kala duwan yahay (BITC> AITC> 4-HBITC), cilmi baaris dheeraad ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo go'aamiyo in isku darka cuntada abuurka iyo glucosinolates badan oo isku dhafan ay kordhiso sunta.Tani waa daraasaddii ugu horreysay ee lagu muujiyo saamaynta cayayaanka cayayaanka ah ee abuurka miraha qallafsan iyo saddex isothiocyanates bioactive ee kaneecada.Natiijooyinka daraasaddan waxay jebiyeen dhul cusub iyagoo tusinaya in cuntada shinnida kaabashka ee la cayriyey, oo ka dhalatay saliid laga soo saaro miraha, laga yaabo inay u adeegto sidii wakiil larvicidal ah oo rajo leh oo xakameynaya kaneecada.Macluumaadkani waxa uu gacan ka geysan karaa in la sii helo helitaanka wakiilada biocontrol-ka ee dhirta iyo horumarkooda sida raqiis, wax ku ool ah, iyo bay'ada bay'ada u fiican.
Xog-ururinta loo sameeyay daraasaddan iyo falanqaynta ka soo baxday waxa laga heli karaa qoraaga u dhiganta codsi macquul ah.Dhammaadkii daraasadda, dhammaan agabkii loo adeegsaday daraasadda (cayayaanka iyo cunnada abuurka) waa la burburiyay.
Waqtiga boostada: Jul-29-2024