Tusaale ahaan, iibinta caalamiga ah ee geedaha lagu buufiyo ee aryloxyphenoxypropionate waxay ahayd US$1.217 bilyan, taasoo ka dhigan 4.6% suuqa caalamiga ah ee cayayaanka lagu buufiyo ee US$26.440 bilyan iyo 1.9% suuqa caalamiga ah ee cayayaanka lagu buufiyo ee US$63.212 bilyan. Inkasta oo aysan u fiicnayn sida geedaha lagu buufiyo sida amino acids iyo sulfonylureas, haddana waxay sidoo kale ku leedahay meel suuqa cayayaanka lagu buufiyo (waxay ka gashay kaalinta lixaad ee iibka adduunka).
Geedaha herbicides-ka ee Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa xakamaynta haramaha cawska. Waxaa la ogaaday 1960-meeyadii markii Hoechst (Jarmalka) uu beddelay kooxda phenyl ee qaab-dhismeedka 2,4-D diphenyl ether oo uu sameeyay jiilkii ugu horreeyay ee herbicides-ka aashitada aryloxyphenoxypropionic. "Grass Ling". Sannadkii 1971, waxaa la go'aamiyay in qaab-dhismeedka giraanta waalidka uu ka kooban yahay A iyo B. Geedaha herbicides-ka ee xigay ee noocan ah ayaa wax laga beddelay iyadoo lagu saleynayo, iyagoo giraanta A benzene ee dhinac u beddelaya giraan heterocyclic ama isku-dhafan, isla markaana kooxo firfircoon sida atamka F ku soo bandhigaya giraanta, taasoo keentay taxane ah badeecooyin leh firfircooni sare. , geedo herbicides oo xulasho badan leh.
Qaab-dhismeedka sunta cayayaanka ee APP
Taariikhda horumarinta geedaha herbicides-ka ee propionic acid
Habka ficilka
Geedaha herbicides-ka ee aashitada Aryloxyphenoxypropionic inta badan waa kuwa firfircoon ee joojiya acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), taasoo joojinaysa isku-darka aashitada dufanka leh, taasoo keenta isku-darka oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, iyo lakabka wax-soo-saarka iyo hababka cuticle-ka ayaa xannibma, taasoo keenta burbur degdeg ah oo ku yimaada qaab-dhismeedka xuubka geedka, kordhinta marin-u-helka, iyo ugu dambeyntii dhimashada geedka.
Astaamaha waxtarka sare leh, sunta yar, xulashada sare, badbaadada dalagyada iyo burburinta fudud ayaa si weyn u horumariyay horumarinta geedaha la xushay.
Astaamo kale oo ka mid ah geedaha dilaaga ah ee AAP ayaa ah inay yihiin kuwo firfircoon oo indhaha ah, kaas oo lagu garto isomers kala duwan oo hoos yimaada qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada isku mid ah, isomers-ka kala duwanna waxay leeyihiin hawlo kala duwan oo lagu dilo dhirta. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, isomer-ka R(-) wuxuu si wax ku ool ah u joojin karaa dhaqdhaqaaqa enzyme-ka bartilmaameedka ah, wuxuu xannibi karaa sameynta auxin iyo gibberellin ee haramaha, wuxuuna muujin karaa firfircooni dilaaga geedaha oo wanaagsan, halka S(+)-isomer uu asal ahaan waxtar lahayn. Farqiga waxtarka u dhexeeya labada waa 8-12 jeer.
Geedaha cayayaan dilaha ee ganacsiga loo isticmaalo ee APP waxaa badanaa loo farsameeyaa esters, taasoo ka dhigaysa inay si fudud u nuugaan haramaha; si kastaba ha ahaatee, esters-ku badanaa waxay leeyihiin milmi yar iyo nuugid xooggan, sidaa darteed ma fududa in la nuugo oo si fudud ayaa loogu nuugo haramaha.
Clodinafop-propargyl
Propargyl waa geed-dile phenoxypropionate ah oo ay samaysay ciba-Geigy sanadkii 1981. Magaceedu waa Mawduuc, magaca kiimikadana waa (R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro). -2-Pyridyloxy)propargyl propionate.
Propargyl waa daawo sun ah oo ay ku jirto fluorine, oo si indho-furan u shaqeysa. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa daawaynta jirridda iyo caleenta ka dib soo ifbaxa si loo xakameeyo haramaha gramineous ee qamadiga, galley, triticale iyo beeraha kale ee badarka, gaar ahaan cawska qamadiga iyo cawska qamadiga. Waa mid ku habboon xakamaynta haramaha adag sida boorashka duurjoogta ah. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa daawaynta jirridda iyo caleenta ka dib soo ifbaxa si loo xakameeyo haramaha cawska sanadlaha ah, sida boorashka duurjoogta ah, cawska boorashka madow, cawska dawacada, cawska beerta, iyo cawska qamadiga. Qiyaasta waa 30~60g/hm2. Habka gaarka ah ee loo isticmaalo waa: laga bilaabo marxaladda 2-caleen ee qamadiga ilaa marxaladda isku-dhafka, mari sunta cayayaanka haramaha marxaladda caleen 2-8. Jiilaalka, isticmaal 20-30 garaam oo Maiji ah (15% budada clofenacetate wettable) acre kasta. 30-40g oo aad u daran (15% budada clodinafop-propargyl wettable), ku dar 15-30kg oo biyo ah oo si siman u buufi.
Habka ficilka iyo astaamaha clodinafop-propargyl waa acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors iyo sunta cayayaanka ee nidaamsan. Daawada waxaa lagu nuugaa caleenta iyo qolofta caleenta geedka, iyadoo la marayo phloem, waxaana lagu ururiyaa meerista geedka, taasoo joojinaysa acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor. Coenzyme A carboxylase wuxuu joojiyaa isku-darka asiidhka dufanka leh, wuxuu ka hortagaa koritaanka iyo kala-qaybsanaanta unugyada caadiga ah, wuxuuna burburiyaa qaab-dhismeedka ay ku jiraan lipid sida nidaamyada xuubka, taasoo ugu dambeyntii horseedda dhimashada dhirta. Waqtiga laga bilaabo clodinafop-propargyl ilaa dhimashada haramaha waa mid gaabis ah, guud ahaan wuxuu qaataa 1 ilaa 3 toddobaad.
Qaababka ugu muhiimsan ee clodinafop-propargyl waa 8%, 15%, 20%, iyo 30% emulsions aqueous, 15% iyo 24% microemulsions, 15% iyo 20% budo qoyan, iyo 8% iyo 14% saliid la kala diri karo. 24% kareem.
Isku-darka
(R)-2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid waxaa marka hore soo saara falgalka α-chloropropionic acid iyo hydroquinone, ka dibna waxaa lagu nadiifiyaa iyadoo lagu darayo 5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine iyada oo aan la kala saarin. Xaalado gaar ah, waxay la falgashaa chloropropyne si ay u hesho clodinafop-propargyl. Ka dib marka la isku daro, waxa ku jira badeecadu waxay gaartaa 97% ilaa 98%, wadarta wax soo saarkuna waxay gaartaa 85%.
Xaaladda dhoofinta
Xogta kastamka ayaa muujineysa in sanadka 2019, dalkaygu wuxuu dhoofiyay wadar ahaan 35.77 milyan oo doolarka Mareykanka ah (tirakoob aan dhammaystirnayn, oo ay ku jiraan diyaarinta iyo daawooyinka farsamada). Waxaa ka mid ah dalka ugu horreeya ee soo dejiya waa Kazakhstan, kaas oo inta badan soo dejiya diyaargarowga, oo leh qaddar dhan 8.6515 milyan oo doolarka Mareykanka ah, waxaana ku xiga Ruushka, oo leh diyaargarow Waxaa jira baahi loo qabo daawooyinka iyo agabka ceeriin ah, iyadoo mugga soo dejinta uu yahay US$3.6481 milyan. Kaalinta saddexaad waa Netherlands, iyadoo mugga soo dejinta uu yahay US$3.582 milyan. Intaa waxaa dheer, Kanada, Hindiya, Israa'iil, Suudaan iyo dalal kale ayaa sidoo kale ah meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee loo dhoofiyo clodinafop-propargyl.
Cyhalofop-butyl
Cyhalofop-ethyl waa cayayaan dilaha ah oo gaar u ah bariiska oo ay samaysay Dow AgroSciences ee Mareykanka sanadkii 1987. Sidoo kale waa cayayaan dilaha ah ee aashitada aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid oo aad ugu badbaado badan bariiska. Sannadkii 1998, Dow AgroSciences ee Mareykanka ayaa ahayd tii ugu horreysay ee diiwaangelisa farsamada cyhalofop ee dalkayga. Patentku wuxuu dhacay 2006, diiwaangelinta gudahana waxay bilaabatay midba midka kale. Sannadkii 2007, shirkad gudaha ah (Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) ayaa markii ugu horreysay isdiiwaangelisay.
Magaca ganacsi ee Dow waa Clincher, magaca kiimikadana waa (R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropionate.
Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, Qianjin oo ka tirsan Dow AgroSciences (maaddada firfircoon: 10% cyhalomefen EC) iyo Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), kuwaas oo caan ka noqday suuqa Shiinaha, ayaa aad waxtar u leh oo ammaan ah. Waxay ku jirtaa suuqa ugu weyn ee geedaha lagu buufiyo ee beeraha bariiska ee dalkayga.
Cyhalofop-ethyl, oo la mid ah geedaha kale ee aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid, waa daawo joojisa isku-darka asiidhka dufanka leh waxayna joojisaa acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Inta badan waxaa lagu nuugaa caleenta mana laha wax dhaqdhaqaaq carro ah. Cyhalofop-ethyl waa mid nidaamsan waxaana si degdeg ah loogu nuugaa unugyada dhirta. Ka dib daaweynta kiimikada, haramaha cawska ayaa isla markiiba joojiya koritaanka, huruudku wuxuu dhacaa 2 ilaa 7 maalmood gudahood, geedka oo dhanna wuxuu noqdaa mid necrotic ah wuxuuna dhintaa 2 ilaa 3 toddobaad gudahood.
Cyhalofop waxaa la mariyaa ka dib soo bixidda si loo xakameeyo haramaha gramineous ee beeraha bariiska. Qiyaasta bariiska kulaylaha waa 75-100g/hm2, qiyaasta bariiska ee dhexdhexaadka ahna waa 180-310g/hm2. Aad bay waxtar ugu leedahay Echinacea, Stephanotis, Amaranthus aestivum, Caws yar oo caws ah, Caws Crabgrass, Setaria, brangrass, millet caleen wadne, Pennisetum, Zea mays, Goosegrass, iwm.
Tusaale ahaan, isticmaal 15% cyhalofop-ethyl EC. Marxaladda caleenta cawska beerta ee beeraha geedaha bariiska iyo marxaladda 2-3 ee stephanotis ee beeraha bariiska ee si toos ah loo beeray, jirridaha iyo caleemaha waxaa lagu buufiyaa oo si siman loogu buufiyaa ceeryaamo khafiif ah. Biyaha ka daadi ka hor intaadan marin sunta cayayaanka si in ka badan 2/3 oo ka mid ah jirridaha haramaha iyo caleemaha ay u soo baxaan biyaha. Ku waraabi 24 saacadood ilaa 72 saacadood gudahood ka dib marka la mariyo sunta cayayaanka, oo ilaali lakab biyo ah oo 3-5 cm ah muddo 5-7 maalmood ah. Ha isticmaalin wax ka badan hal mar xilli kasta oo bariiska lagu beero. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in la ogaadaa in daawadani ay aad u sun badan tahay arthropods-ka biyaha, markaa iska ilaali inaad gasho goobaha beeraha kalluunka. Marka lagu daro qaar ka mid ah sunta cayayaanka ee caleenta ballaaran, waxay muujin kartaa saameyn liddi ku ah, taasoo keenta hoos u dhac ku yimaada waxtarka cyhalofop.
Qaababka qiyaasta ugu muhiimsan waa: cyhalofop-methyl emulsifiable concentrate (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), budada cyhalofop-methyl wettable (20%), cyhalofop-methyl aqueous emulsion (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop microemulsion (10%, 15%, 250g/L), cyhalofop oil suspension (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop-ethyl suspension oil suspensionable (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%); wakiilada isku dhafan waxaa ka mid ah oxafop-propyl iyo penoxsufen Isku-darka amine, pyrazosulfuron-methyl, bispyrfen, iwm.
Waqtiga boostada: Jan-24-2024